Communication Process Essay Prompts | PaperDue (2024)

Engineer Engages in a Process That Is

Request for Writer

Five pages per separate book report.

Book reports on the following book, Designing Engineers by Louis L Bucciarelli and a book report on Air Disasters by Mike Sharp.

Designing Engineers by Louis L Bucciarelli and a Book report on Air Disasters by Mike Sharp.

The structure of the book report.

Each book report should have a title page and five type written pages, double spaced, or word processed. The book report is intended to highlight the articulate, be focused, creative and critical in a limited space to related subject matter.

The Bibliographic Entry. Each book report should begin with a standard bibliographic entry. Include at least five items. Author, title, Place of Publication, Publisher and date of publication.

The statement. Three to five sentences, written in present tense, focused directly on what the central idea of the book is.

The body of the Book report.

Carefully read the book and take note of the following.

What in the book is relevant to a Mechanical Engineering program?

What are the author?s main points?

Are the author?s points valid of invalid? Why?

Critical issues: Two or more statements about topics and positions taken on topics. With each of the issues you uncover, indicate briefly the authors stand on the issue and what the author is trying to say about the issue.

Discuss the author?s use of language, clarity and readability.

Indicate the type of evidence used, primary? Or secondary? Make comments on the nature of the evidence.

Information, points, learned forms this book.

What common issues are there between the following books? Designing Engineers by Louis L Bucciarelli and Air Disasters by Mike Sharpe and Invention by Design by Henry Petroski.

Highlight ideas and incorporate them into the body of information. While writing the book report, bear in mind the ideas that others might have and incorporate into the report.

Ensure that the book report is clear in its meaning, ensuring that the report is organized and undersdatadnable. Keep in mind while reading the book, ?What would the other persons like to know about the book?? The book report is not to be in total agreement, agree or disagree with the author and justify your statements.

Business Process and System Management

Streamlining the Refinancing Process

First national bank has been swamped with refinancing requests this year. To handle the increased volume, it divided the process into five distinct stages and created departments for each stage.

The process begins with a customer completing a loan application for a loan agent. The loan agent discusses the refinancing options with the customer and performs quick calculations based on customer-reported data to see if the customer qualifies for loan approval. If the numbers work, the customer signs a few papers to allow a credit check and goes home to wait for notification of the loan?s approval.

The customer?s file is then passed on to a loan processor, who requests a credit check, verification of loans or mortgages from other financial institutions, an appraisal of the property, and employment verification, if any problems are encountered, the loan processor goes to the loan agent for advice. If items appear on the credit report, the customer is required to explain the discrepancies in writing. If the explanation is acceptable, the letter is placed in the customer?s file and the file is sent to the loan agent (and sometimes the bank?s board) for final approval.

The customer receives a letter of loan approval and is asked to call the closing agent to schedule a closing date and to lock in a loan rate if the customer has not already done so.

The closing agent requests the name of the customer?s attorney to forward the loan packet. The attorney is responsible for arranging a termite inspection, a survey, a title search, and insurance and for preparing the closing papers. The attorney and the closing agent correspond back and forth to verify fees, payment schedules, and payoff amounts.

The loan-servicing specialist makes sure the previous loan is paid off and the new loan is set up properly. After the closing takes place, the bank?s loan ?payment specialist takes care of issuing payment books or setting up the automatic drafting of mortgage fees and calculating the exact monthly payments, including escrow amounts. The loan-payment specialist also monitors late payment of mortgages.

It is difficult to evaluate the success or failure of the reengineered process, since the volume of refinancing requests is so much greater than it has ever been before. However, customer comments solicited by the loan-servicing specialist have been disturbing to management.

Customer comments:

? I refinanced with the same bank that held my original loan, thinking erroneously that I could save time and money. You took two months longer processing my loan than the other bank would have and the money I saved on closing costs was more than eaten up by the extra month?s higher mortgage payments.
? I just got a call from someone at your bank claiming my mortgage payment was overdue. How can it be overdue when you draft it automatically from my checking account?
? How come you do everything in writing and through the mail? If you would just call and ask me these questions instead of sending forms for me to fill out, things would go much more quickly.
? If I haven?t made any additions to my house or property in the past year, you appraised it last year, and you have access to my tax assessment, why bother with another appraisal? You guys just like to pass around the business.
? I never know who to call for what. You have so many people working on my file. I know I?ve repeated the same thing to a dozen different people.
? It took so long to get my loan approved that my credit report, appraisal report, and termite inspection ran out. You should pay for the new reports, not me.
? I drove down to your office in person today to deliver the attorney?s papers, and I hoped to return them with your signature and whatever else you add to the closing packet. The loan specialist said that the closing agent wouldn?t get to my file until the morning of the scheduled closing and that if she hit a snag, the closing could be postponed! I?m taking off half a day from work to attend the closing and ?rescheduling? is not convenient. I know you have lots of business, but I don?t like being treated this way.
? I received a letter from one of your loan-payment specialists today, along with a stack of forms to complete specifying how I want to set up my mortgage payment. I signed all these at closing- don?t you read your own work? I?m worried that if I fill them out again you?ll withdraw the payment twice from my account!

In the context of these customer comments, evaluate First National?s refinancing process and write a management consultant report to recommend a process improvement project.

Italian Unification Process Compared to German Unification Process

Staffing Decisions the Staffing Process, Be it

Discussion instructions:
The process of staffing, whether it is hiring, selecting, or deselecting individuals, is a complex, multidimensional decision making process that can have ramifications on individuals, teams, and organizations.
Describe how staffing decisions are made using one of the staffing models or decision making systems from Landy and Conte (2013).
Explain the role of validity, utility, and fairness in evaluating staffing decisions.
Why is each of these important?
What ethical or legal issues may arise from staffing procedures that do not meet these standards?
Utilize at least two peer-reviewed journal articles in your discussion. Cite sources used in APA format.
Readings
1. Textbooks: Link: https://secure.coursesmart.com/login
USER: lynneboisrond(at)yahoo.com
PASS: Rigelq93

Landy, F. J., & Conte, J. M. (2013). Work in the 21st century: An introduction to industrial and organizational psychology (4th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
Chapter 6: Staffing Decisions

American Psychological Association (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological
Association. ISBN: 1-4338-0561-5

Recommended Readings

1. Articles:
Colarelli, S. M., & Thompson, M. (2008). Stubborn reliance on human nature in employee selection: Statistical decision aids are evolutionary novel. Industrial and
Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 1(3), 347-351. (EBSCOHost Accession Number: AN 2010-13391-014).

Department of Labor (n.d.). Sample Affirmative Action Program (AAP). Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/ofccp/regs/compliance/pdf/sampleaap.pdf

Harrison, D. A., Kravitz, D. A., Mayer, D. M., Leslie, L. M., & Lev-Arey, D. (2006). Understanding attitudes toward Affirmative Action Programs in employment:
Summary and meta-analysis of 35 years of research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(5), 1013-1036. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1013

Maurer, T. J. (2005). Distinguishing cutoff from critical scores in personnel testing. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 57(2), 153-162. doi:
10.1037/1065-9293.57.2.153

Newman, D. A., & Lyon, J. S. (2009). Recruitment efforts to reduce adverse impact: Targeted recruiting for personality, cognitive ability, and diversity. Journal of
Applied Psychology, 94(2), 298-317. doi: 10.1037/a0013472

U.S. Department of Labor (n.d.). Disability resources: Employee rights. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/dol/topic/disability/employeerights.htm

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (n.d.). Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. Retrieved from http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/adea.cfm

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (n.d.). Employment tests and selection procedures. Retrieved from
http://www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/factemployment_procedures.html

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (n.d.). Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Retrieved from
http://www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/factemployment_procedures.html

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (n.d.). Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures. Retrieved from
http://www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/factemployment_procedures.html

Van Iddekinge, C. H., & Ployhart, R. E. (2008). Developments in the criterion-related validation of selection procedures: A critical review and recommendations for
practice. Personnel Psychology, 61(4), 871-925. (EBSCOHost Accession Number: AN 35052340).

2. Websites:
Human Resources Internet Guide ? http://www.hr-guide.com

Society for Human Resource Management ? http://www.shrm.org

Uniform Guidelines ? http://www.uniformguidelines.com/index.html

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ? http://www.eeoc.gov/

Multimedia

1. Podcasts:
Cornell University ILR School, Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies, HR Leadership Podcast Series episodes can be accessed via the following website - http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/cahrs/partnerBenefits/podcasts/

Human Resources iQ HR Today Podcast Series episodes can be accessed via the following website - http://www.humanresourcesiq.com/podcasts/

2. Video:
Harvard Business Publishing. (Producer). (2008). Building simpler, more effective HR processes. Available from
http://blogs.hbr.org/video/2010/08/building-simpler-more-effectiv.html

Managing the Effectiveness of the Audit Process

Review and evaluate the operational capability of a department (or equivalent) in your organisation.
For your department, or a part of the organisation of your choice, use diagnostic frameworks taken from the course material, or alternative operational models that are appropriate, to undertake a review and evaluation of the operational capability of the department (or area under scrutiny). You are asked to identify one or more core operational processes and where relevant support processes; these processes should be closely aligned to the purpose of the department in terms of service delivery. You should take into consideration:
- A critical and analytical approach, using existing departmental or other data via internal or external surveys, to establish whether the processes comply with a 'fit for purpose' examination.
- An identification of where and if key skills or technology are required and whether or not key performance metrics are met.
- The 'customer' experience, level of consistency, compliance, how the value
delivered might vary, and where appropriate failure points
- Process/ operational opportunities or constraints demanded by policy, health and safety, environmental, ethical, sustainability or other relevant considerations.

The essay should be clearly structured, and include:
- An executive summary
- An outline of relevant concepts (e.g. theories, frameworks and/or models)
- Application of selected concepts, models etc. as the basis for diagnosis and analysis
- Critical evaluation and reflection on the concepts in the light of their application in the specific organisational context
- Conclusions and recommendations for the organisation - which should take into account the financial and other resources required and their practical feasibility.
- A table of contents
- A References section

You can take the attached essay and re-write it, using the same sources and models

Psychological Process That Leads to Terrorism. The

Each Paragraph should be 100-150 words in length. Review the document titled ?The Staircase to Terrorism: A Psychological Exploration? For paragraph 1 and 2.
FIND THE DOCUMENT HERE: http://fathalimoghaddam.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/1256627851.pdf

Paragraph 1 - The first paragraph should provide a summary of the article and should be written in proper APA style as described in the Syllabus Addendum (Doc Sharing Tab) and Chapter 6 of the APA Manual. No quoted material is allowed. You must take the time to put the authors? words into your own (paraphrase) and give appropriate credit to the authors by providing a properly styled APA citation (in-text or parenthetical) for each sentence (thoroughly review pages 169-179 in the APA Manual, paying close attention to Table 6.1 on page 177).
Paragraph 2 - The second paragraph should be geared towards showing your ability to think critically about the information presented in the document by describing how the information in the document could be applied towards exploiting weaknesses in terrorist organizations. When referring to reference materials in this portion of response remember to properly cite your sources, giving the author of the cited materials due credit for their original work. Avoid making general statements and attempt to back your positions with cited material.
Each Paragraph should be 100-150 words in length.
Paragraph 3 - Assess the methods used by the government to exempt classified, terrorism-related information from release to the public in a request under the Freedom of Information Act.
Paragraph 4 - Explain the basic concepts of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act.Apply the procedures of FISA to communications involving individuals within the United States. Defend or dispute the government?s support and use of extraordinary rendition used against foreign individuals suspected of terrorist acts against the United States.
Paragraph 5 - Compare and contrast the detainee statuses of material witness, alien, and enemy combatant. Explain in general terms immigration detention and removal policies as they apply to the investigation of terrorist activity. Recognize the various federal statutes and judicial decisions regarding the detention of alleged ?enemy combatants? outside the borders of the United States.
Paragraph 6 -Discern the difference between lawful and unlawful enemy combatants in regard to the prosecution of international terrorism. Compare civilian prosecution of terrorists and supporters of terrorism, and related problems risking exposure of classified information. Articulate the legal advantages of prosecuting these types of cases by military commission rather than in civilian, federal court.
Paragraph 7 - Identify the primary law enforcement agency responsible for political surveillance in the investigation of terrorism in the United States.
Paragraph 8 - Define the term ?posse comitatus.? Identify the key points of the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878, 18 U.S.C. ? 1385. Identify the key points of the Insurrection Act of 2006 as it applies to natural disasters and acts of terrorism, both domestic and international.
No more than 25% of each written assignment in this course may be attributed to referenced sources. Your papers must be 75% original thought. STRAIGHT CUT AND PASTE FROM A WEBSITE WILL BE TREATED AS AN HONOR CODE VIOLATIONWIKIPEDIA AND OTHER NON-ATTRIBUTABLE WEBSITES ARE NOT APPROPRIATE SOURCES FOR ACADEMIC WORK ? DO NOT USE THEM IN THIS COURSE.

Change Process Approaches

Change Process and Models

Organizational change is not likely to happen organically. Usually, it is caused by an external event or change which triggers internal shifts in one or more levels of the organization. Change may come about for various reasons. It may be that an organization needs to change in order to grow, improve, or be more successful. There are a variety of change process theories, frameworks, and practices that explain organizational change. Leaders can use the theories, frameworks, and practices to facilitate change in an organization and produce desired outcomes. Leaders must be able to assess which process theory, framework, or practice is appropriate to facilitate change successfully.

To prepare for this assignment:

?Review Chapter 8 in Organization Change: Theory and Practice. Pay attention to theories and frameworks for understanding organizational change.

?Review Chapter 40 in Leading Organizations: Perspectives for a New Era, focusing on the practices that organizations use to lead change.

?Call to mind the organization you used in this week?s Discussion. (The Human Rights Campaign) Think about the change it experienced.

?Consider how the process theories, frameworks, or practices you learned about might apply to the change in this particular organization.

The assignment (2?3 pages):

?Briefly describe the organization you selected and the change that occurred in the organization.

?Explain the change using three or more of the change process theories, frameworks, or practices. Provide specific examples.

Risk Management the Six Major Processes Involved

Group Processes Are Often Dependent

Based on material sent and other current (2005-2009) psychological research, write a 300-word paper on what are some of the processes of groups? How do people choose or not choose affiliation with one group over another? In what ways can groups be harmful?

Please use current (2005-2009) and ONLY the following list of journals for your reference use:

******************************************************
Journal of Experimental Psychology
Journal of Personality & Social Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Journal of Social Psychology
Social Psychology Quarterly
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
Learning and Motivation
Cognitive Psychology
Journal of Applied Social Psychology
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology
Journal of Applied Behavioral Science
Journal of Memory and Language
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Child Development
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Psychological Assessment
Journal of Experimental Research in Personality
Journal of Personality
Psychology and Aging
Health Psychology
Memory and Cognition
Journal of Experimental Psychology
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
Psychological Bulletin
American Psychologist
Psychology, Public Policy, and the Law

There are faxes for this order.

Creative Process Verizon's More Fun

The textbook discusses criteria or guidelines that can be used for evaluating the output from the creative process of advertising. Some of these concern factors that are not directly accessible and thus more difficult to evaluate, such as consistency with marketing and advertising objectives. However, answers to many of these questions are judgmental in nature and can be evaluated such as appropriateness for the target audience, communication of a clear and convincing message, whether the creative overwhelms the message, appropriateness for the media environment, and whether the ads are truthful and tasteful.

Choose a particular campaign, conduct some research on it in the business press or trade publications, and then evaluate the creative approach as well as some of the individual ads against these guidelines. Excellent sources of information that can be helpful in this assignment are the ad reviews that appear in publications such as Advertising Age, AdWeek, and BrandWeek.

Guidelines for evaluating creative output:
1. Is the creative approach consistent with the brands marketing and advertising objectives?
2. Is the creative approach consistent with the creative strategy and objectives? Does it communicate what it is supposed to communicate?
3. Is the creative approach appropriate for the target audience?
4. Does the creative approach communicate a clear and convincing message to the customer?
5. Does the creative execution keep from overwhelming the message?
6. Is the creative approach appropriate for the media environment in which it is likely to be seen?
7. Is the ad truthful and tasteful?

Campaign to be evaluated: Verizon Wireless http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-prMb6BdNs

There are other ads that are out to advertise the Verizon Wireless phones, choose as many as you like.

Length: 3 pages with resources and bibliography. APA format.

Public Relations - Crisis Management

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to review, synthesize, and critique research and theory on specific PR topics.

DIRECTIONS: Identify an issue or theory, define that issue or theory in relationship to public relations, examine what other scholars and practitioners have written about that issue or theory, and provide a synthesis and critique of that work. Students should cite relevant sources.

GENERAL FORMAT:
This is a suggested and basic format for a research paper. You may stray from this format with other sections as long as you incorporate theory and discuss relevant literature.
1) Introduction/Background Broad and brief discussion of the topic with a clear thesis statement. This section should also outline an issue, problem, etc. and set forth 2-3 main points that will be the focus of the paper.
2) Theoretical Framework/Issue Introduction of a formal theory of public relations/communications/media that will help you to dissect the topic you introduced in the introduction. These would include ethics, crisis, stakeholder theory, corporate social responsibility, persuasion, image, framing, etc. Make sure you clearly define the theory, discuss the tenets or assumptions of the theory and give a rationale for why this theory is necessary to inform your topic. This section is brief (about 1-2 pages). Save the deeper discussion of specific connections for the next section.
3) Brief Literature Review Here is where you get into the literature on the actual topic/issue/problem that you introduced in the introduction. What literature has been written on this issue/problem/topic that you can explore. Your main points need to be clearly discussed here in more detail. You should also deepen your discussion of the theory by making connections. Subheadings are important in this section.
4) Discussion/Conclusion Here, you should be making some final judgments about the issue/problem/topic based on your application of the theory to your main points of discussion. Look at big-picture elements like the overall significance of the topic in our discipline; whether your judgments advance our discipline or push us to think in different ways about the topic; whether there are imitations in applying this theoretical framework to the problem/issue/topic; future areas of study on this topic, etc. You can make recommendations, but you must draw conclusions and speak from a critical (evaluate, dissect, illuminate, and question beyond the surface) perspective.

EVALUATION:
You must demonstrate an ability to define and clearly discuss the topic with a theoretical focus and speak critically about the issue/problem/topic. You will be evaluated on your ability make clear assertions, support them with research/sources, make judgments about the literature and your own analysis and determine the significance of this research with directions for future study. This is not an essay. It is a research paper. I am also looking for your use of grammar, transitions, sentence construction and the overall organization of your ideas. Best wishes!

SOURCES:
Pull from academic journals (look specifically at public relations journals), trade publications (these are often written by experts, consultants and others who can inform the topic from first-hand experience), official reports (these are good for statistics and other facts), company web sites, and newspaper articles as they are relevant. For a paper this size, you should have at least 15-20 sources. Sources should cover your discussion of the theory, topic/issue/problem and your main areas of discussion (2-3 main points). As you look at specific cases, organizations, etc. for examples you should have sources to support your assertions.

I will need a work cited page in APA format

Communicating Effectively for New Couples

COM 200 WEEK 5

Ashford 6: - Week 5 - Final Paper

Letter of Advice

For this assignment, you will write a letter of advice to either a newly engaged couple or a group of coworkers. Imagine that either the engaged couple or coworkers hear that you are taking a course in interpersonal communication and want advice regarding how to communicate in their personal or professional relationships. Based on what you have learned in this course, what advice would you give them regarding how to communicate effectively? How can you use what you have learned in this class to offer a couple or group of co-workers advice to have more positive relationships? Write your paper in the form of a letter. Please review the Document icon Sample Final Paper.

Instructions
Use the list of learning outcomes to write your letter. The course learning outcomes you will need to cover are:

Explain the principles of and barriers to effective interpersonal communications.
Analyze the role of communication in developing and maintaining one?s self-concept, self-image, and self-esteem.
Differentiate appropriate levels of self-disclosure and emotional intelligence in various relationships.
Describe strategies for using communication techniques to resolve interpersonal conflicts.
Analyze the impact of gender and culture on interpersonal communications.
For each of the five learning outcomes, create a separate heading that states the learning outcome that you are addressing. Then, address the following for each segment:

Explain the principles of and barriers to effective interpersonal communications. Why do the principles matter? How can your couple or group of co-workers overcome the barriers you have listed?
Analyze the role of communication in developing and maintaining one?s self-concept, self-image, and self-esteem. Begin by defining each term and then explain how these three notions of the self potentially impact your couple or group of co-workers relationship. What advice can you offer to help them develop a positive self-concept or build each other?s self-esteem?
Illustrate the importance of self-disclosure and emotional intelligence in various relationships. What role does self-disclosure play in your couple or partner?s relationship? How can their relationships be improved by them becoming more emotionally intelligent?
Evaluate strategies for using communication techniques to resolve interpersonal conflicts. Explain one or two potential conflicts and then present at least two strategies for addressing the dispute(s).
Analyze the impact of gender and culture on interpersonal communications. First, define these two key terms. Then, explain the importance of gender and culture in relationships generally and for your couple or group specifically. What advice can you give to become a better communicator based on the information you have presented?
Content Requirements
You must address all five of the learning outcomes and the questions listed with those objectives. For each objective, be sure to define key terms and relate those ideas directly to advice for your couple or co-workers. The point here is for you to demonstrate how these ideas can be utilized to help people in their relationships. Try to offer specific advice they can integrate into their lives.

Begin your paper with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement and that previews what you plan to cover in your paper. If you are having problems writing a thesis, try using the Thesis Generator.

End with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis and restates your key points.

You must use at least five scholarly sources to help you make your points. Three should be course readings and two should be academic articles you have found yourself through doing research in the Ashford University Library. If you need help doing research, visit the Ashford University Library, which can be accessed through the Library tab in the left-navigation menu, in your online course.

You must also draw on personal experience to offer advice or to illustrate points. It is acceptable to use hypothetical examples and/or your personal experiences for either your couple or group of co-workers. We simply want to see that you can apply what you have learned to some potential ?real world? experience.

The Final Paper

Must include a separate title page with the following:
Title of paper
Student?s name
Course name and number
Instructor?s name
Date submitted
Must use each learning objective as a header that separates each section of the paper.
Must use at least five scholarly sources, two of which can be found in the Ashford University Library.
Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Final Notes

International Broadcasting

Animals Communicate, Humans Do it

Are humans the only linguistic animal? What distinguishes human language from other forms of communication?

write a thousand-word essay using two or more primary sources (peer-reviewed journal articles.) Sources must be cited using a footnote or endnote.

Communications HR Retirement

Retirement Plan Proposal and Communication Plan

You are an HR leader in a newly formed organization with 150 employees. Management has asked you to provide them with a proposal that describes two to three retirement plans that could be offered. In the proposal, you must identify specific requirements of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 the organization would need to fulfill.

In addition to the proposal, management has asked you to design a communication plan that encourages employee participation for one of the proposed retirement plans. Resources: Assigned readings, ERRs, the Internet, and other resources

Prepare a proposal and communication plan of 1,400 to 1,750 words. In your communication plan, include components that encourage participation in the retirement plan. Answer the following questions:

? How will you communicate information to employees?

? How often will you communicate information to employees?

? What tools or methods will you use to communicate the plan?

? How will you overcome resistance to participation?

? How will you get employees to enroll?

? How will you communicate the plan to make it attractive?

Format your assignment consistent with APA guidelines.

Textbooks

Martocchio, J. J. (2009). Strategic compensation: A human resource management approach (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Milkovich, G. T., & Newman, J. M. (2008). Compensation (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

English in Thailand Teaching English

I'd like an essay on Thai culture and the teaching of English as a foreign language in Thailand. Ideally I want to state that Thai culture and Thai language creates barriers to effective English teaching in Thailand. This is for a language, culture and society Masters degree course in TESOL.

Here are some useful websites which were given out in the course description:

Asian EFL journal (Quarterly) 2002 ??" http://www.asian-efl-journal.com
The Internet TESL journal (Monthly) 1995 - http://iteslj.org
ERIC Digests (Irregular) http://www.cal.org/resources/digest/index.html
Reading in a foreign language (Biannual) Vol 14, April 2002 - http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/rfl
Humanising language teaching (8 p.a.) Issue 1 1999 ??" http://www.hltmag.co.uk
Journal of intercultural communication (Biannual) Issue 1 1999 ??" http://www.immi.se/intercultural
Korean TESOL Journal http://www.kotesol.org/?q=KTJ
English teaching: practice and critique (Irregular) Vol 1 No 1 Nov 2002 ??" http://education.waikato.ac.nz/research/journal/index.php?id=1
Second language studies (Biannual) Vol 19 2000 ??" http://www.hawaii.edu/sls/?link=working_papers
Language learning and technology: a journal for second and foreign language educators. (Biannual) 1997 http://llt.msu.edu/
Journal of the imagination in language learning (Annual) Vol 1 1993 ??" 2003 http://www.njcu.edu/cill/journal-index.html
University of Sydney Papers in TESOL Vol 1 Dec 2006 ??" http://faculty.edfac.usyd.edu.au/projects/usp_in_tesol/currentissue.htm
Language, society and culture (Editor: Thao Le) http://www.educ.utas.edu.au/users/tle/JOURNAL/index.html

Public Relations and Public Affairs

This assignment is based on a virtual organization that I have been writing about so I am going to upload two prior papers so you have a background of the fictional "problem". The criteria for the next paper is as follows (please contact me if you have any questions)

Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper on how you would help the organization grow from the communication challenges created by the scenario. Incorporate the following public relations/affairs and journalism elements:

o Identify the roles of public relations (PR) and public affairs (PA) for this scenario.
o Evaluate writing strategies for positive communication outcomes.
o Address legal implications of PR and PA campaigns.
o Summarize the public's right to know versus personal privacy.
o Critique the relationship between public communication and organizational truth.
o Analyze the most effective ways to use public speeches, journalism, press releases, presentations, and electronic media, including radio, television, and the Internet.

Please include two peer-reviewed sources, with citations in the paper and the links to how I may them.

Linguistic Politics and the Reinforcement

***** Here is what I have submitted to my prof; and also I have included a copy of the course syllabus (p.4-9) and list of some resources/ a working bib.(p. 2-3) (Ignore the page numbers though; they arent special.) *******
Plagiarism is not tolerated in my course or institution and the paper will be run through plagiarism software; so please ensure none of the paper is plagiarized.

Please email to:
[emailprotected]
[emailprotected]
[emailprotected]

I can provide more/alternate email addresses if needed; please let me know if you require them; I would like to receive my paper on time and I understand there can be complications.

My research paper addresses the power of language. The theory and methods of performing discourse analysis will be considered, as well as larger questions concerning how language functions in society and why it is important. My paper will examine discourse used in politics in a variety of ways. The primary sources I have consulted are books and articles; and my research process entails broad research on the topic followed by a narrowing of the scope to address specific questions as I progress through and construct my argument schema.

I suppose my working thesis at this time would simply be that language is powerful, and can be used to influence and manipulate the thought processes and actions of others when constructed and expressed strategically, especially in politics.

Working Outline:

I. Discussion of language and how it functions socially. This section is meant to stimulate the readers interest and will raise the critical questions which my paper addresses.

II. Introduction of the theory and methods of discourse analysis; with brief examples and discussion.

III. Discussion of how manipulation of language can mean power in our society; followed by close examination of several longer examples (political speeches, propaganda, campaign advertisem*nts).

** My instructor comments were to find my central argument and the sub arguments that support it. **

Possible Argument: that a politicians speech conveys a message to the listener that is deceptive and misleads the listener into interpreting the speech in a way which is incorrect/untrue.(???)

********Thank you so much!!!!********
Mel

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Page 2-3

Sources:

Brammer, Charlotte. "Analyzing political discourse: Theory and practice." Language 82.3 (Sep. 2006): 674-675. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. 14 Sep. 2009

Ape Speech Research Has Been

Topic:

Ape language experiments from a physicalanthropology/primatology perspective. Outlining, the history current and past research with a critical analysis.

Here are the paper guidelines as given to me.

1) Title
2) Absract: In no more than one page briefly state the main concepts and finding of your paper. Generally it is best to write this last.
3) Introduction
a. History of your research topic- broadly discuss whether this topic is new or old, how much research has been done, in what disciplines and for what purpose.
b. Background on the natural history (distribution, body size, social organization diet etc) of the taxa or taxon that you will focus on
4)Main text: Discuss the articles that you have found pertaining to your topic. Critique and compare findings and conclusions of these articles. Point out missing data and conflicting results.
5)Conclusion: Discuss why this topic is important to anthropology and primatology. State what needs to be done in the future in order to further our understanding of this topic.
6)Bibliography: Put your references in the style of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology.

Thats it.

Here are some sources which I have found which may be useful, these are all books.

1) Progress in Ape Research Edited by Geofrey H. Bourne

2) The Mind of an Ape by David Premack and Ann James Premack

3) The Edification of Koko by Francine Patterson and Eugene Linden

4) Cognitive Development in Chimpanzees edited by t. matsuzawa, M. Tomonaga, M. Tanaka

5) Kanzi: The Ape at the Brink of the Human Mind by Sue Savage-Rumbaugh and Roger Lewin

6) Teaching Sign Language to Chimpanzees edited by R. Allen Gardner, Beatrix T. Gardner, Thomas E. Van Cantfort

7) Aping Language by Joel Wallman

8) Silent Partners: The Legacy of the Ape Language Experiments by Eugene Linden

9) Apes, Men and Language by Eugene Linden

10)Speaking of Apes: A Critical Anthology of Two-way Communication with Man.

11) Why Chimps Can Read by Ann J. Premack

12) The Cultured Chimpanzee: Reflections on Cultural Primatology by W. C. McGrew

13) Ape Language: From Conditioned Response to Symbol by E Sue Savage-Rumbaugh

14) Nim by Herbert S. Terrace

15) Intelligence of Apes and Other Rational Beings by Duane M. Rumbaugh and David A Washburn

16)Great Ape Societies edited by William C. McGrew, Linda F. Marchant, Toshisada Nishida

Marshall Mcluhan Media and the

Make sure you read all the following requirements and meet them all.

Media research essay of 1900 ?C2000 words

Topic:

Marshall McLuhan contents that all media are extensions of human senses. Discuss, drawing examples from three media forms.

This essay should conform to general academic
standards of presentation??spelling, syntax,
paragraphs, introduction, main body, conclusion, and
references. The title as set should appear on the
first page, all pages numbered, and importantly your
essay should be properly referenced throughout and
must include a full list of references. Ideally your
essay should be typed/word-processed (1.5 or
double-spaced lines). Remember to answer the question
as set; don't simply off load everything you may
happen to know about the topic in hand! Obviously in
answering your essay title you should seek to draw on
subject themes, studies, theories, concepts and
debates where relevant.

The specific requirements---

*this essay is assessed by teacher from media theory study, so keep this in mind to help you get on the right track.

*The essay requires at least 16 sources.

*focus on your own understanding and arguments about Mcluhan??s ??media are extension of human senses??

*this is not a big essay, so make sure your discussion and analysis focus on the most relevant and important things about the topic. Don??t introduce Mcluhan and give too much background, because 1) the essay is small 2)the reader is your marker, you are not writing to general readers.

*if you are using online library, please write the
concrete reference rather than just give a name of the
database, please follow the Harvard standard of
writing bibliography.

*Don't use direct quote but paraphrase in your own
word throughout the essay.

*You need a good introduction. It should be brief but
include the following: Question, Stance, Argument and
Approach. Be explicit about these things. good introduction-, topic sentence for each
paragraph, one paragraph one idea, good transition,
good strong conclusion- It is strictly assessed for
this essay??

*all paragraphs should have a strong and clear topic
sentence.

*Make the structure of your essay a conscious choice,
not an accident. Think about taking your reader
through your ideas, by the hand.

*Cut all the padding out of your essay and your
sentences.

*Each sentence should only be about one idea and each
paragraph should be made up of a set of sentences
about one idea.

* If you want to quote, using sources from books rather than internet, they are relatively authoritative. This essay requires you to
paraphrase and summarize others?? ideas or arguments,
making them concise and concentrate on your strong
analysis. We are interested in your own idea and
analysis. Not direct quote in this essay. So do not
use direct quote. We don??t hope u plagiarize (don??t copy and paste content from the web and journals)

*don??t use many words to explain a theoretical
concept, your reader is your marker, be concise about
those things, you should concentrate on your argument
and analysis. You will let your mark down if your own
argument and analysis is not sufficient and strong to
convince.

*use active voice whereas possible.

The following requirements must be meet, don??t ignore these, they are important for a 4th year student.

*INTRODUCTION - State your thesis and the purpose of
your research paper clearly. What is the chief reason
you are writing the paper? State also how you plan to
approach your topic. Is this a factual report, a book
review, a comparison, or an analysis of a problem?
Explain briefly the major points you plan to cover in
your paper and why readers should be interested in
your topic. (you should include: Question, Stance,
Argument and Approach. Be explicit about these
things.)

BODY - Each paragraph in the body of the essay should
include a topic sentence that tells the reader the
main idea of the paragraph. Other sentences in the
paragraph should support this with examples. In your
paragraphs you will need to summarise and paraphrase
(i.e. use your own words for) the ideas, research and
arguments of others. Finally the concluding sentence
should tie the paragraph together and lead to the next
paragraph. Of course, the order of the ideas covered
in the paragraphs will follow the plan.

CONCLUSION - This should summarise the main view
(thesis) presented. Explain why you have come to this
particular conclusion. It should briefly review the
ideas covered and finish off with an overall comment
on the topic.

This essay will be assessed in these aspects:
Composition, written expression, technical
presentation.

Analytical skills??your ability to explicate a given
issue or set of issues??in other words, to your
ability to write about these issues in a way which
sheds light on them, and which demonstrates your grasp
of them.

Composition---the way in which your argument has been
structured, or in other words to the form of the essay
( good introduction-, topic sentence for each
paragraph, one paragraph one idea, good transition,
good strong conclusion- It is strictly assessed for
this essay??)

Written Expression---your prose style. The major
weaknesses in this category are usually to do with
syntax (sentence structure) and vocabulary.
Technical presentation??the overall formatting of the
essay, and especially to the presentation of in-text
reference, bibliography.

Machine Translation and the Future

What I exactly want is to make 3 pages summary of the following paper (Machine Translation and the Future). Each page with a footnote. Please see the Works Cited.

=================================================================================

Machine Translation and the Future

Abstract

Computers are being used in many areas to speed and automate tasks that are tedious or strenuous on human beings. Computers aid us in making our daily lives better in many ways. Computers are being used for a variety of tasks. As the world moves toward a global economy, communication has become a major issue of the agendas of almost any industrialized nation. Machine translation is the growing wave of the future; these machines can translate passages into another language almost instantaneously.
There are some that fear the professional translators will become obsolete in the near future. However, an exploration of the current state of the art and future trends indicated that these fears are unfounded and that the field of Professional Translation will enjoy many years of stability and prosperity, reaping the benefits of an expanding global economy.

Table of Contents

Page

Introduction 3
Rationale 4
Thesis 5
Literature Review 6
(A) Machine translation: History and Current Issues 7
(B) Future Research Trends and Projects 15
Discussion and Conclusions 17
Works Cited 22

Introduction

But God confounded their tongue, so that they did not understand one another's speech, and thus scattered them from that place into all lands, and they ceased to build the city (Genesis. 11:1-9.).

Since the earliest beginnings of human civilization, one of the key problems facing human beings has been how to communicate. We are a small planet of millions of people, all speaking hundreds of different languages. In the age of technology, it is not surprising that someone would conceive of the idea that a machine could fulfill this basic need for us. Science fiction writers introduced the idea years ago, with multi-language translators on Star Trek. These were amazing devices; they could translate hundreds of intergalactic languages from one to another with ease. This may sound like the far-fetched dreams of a mad person, but this idea is not as far away as one might think.
The world depends on accurate and reliable communication. The world is moving faster all the time and the demand for translators and interpreters is growing at an alarming rate. This paper will explore the world of machine translation. It will explore its history, its current state of usage and technology, and finally, will take a realistic look at its capabilities and future. It will focus on the strengths and weaknesses of machine translation. It will give an overview of current software and capabilities. The focus of the paper will be a realistic look at the need for real human translators: it will answer the question, will all translation be done by computer in the future? The paper will be conducted via a literature review of current technology and its capabilities as well as an exploratory survey of the current state of research and development in this lucrative area.

Rationale

But God confounded their tongue, so that they did not understand one another's speech, and thus scattered them from that place into all lands, and they ceased to build the city (Genesis. 11:1-9.).

In the past, there was little need to communicate with persons who spoke a different language. Many people lived in small communities and human populations according to ethnic group and background. The communities may have been bi-lingual, but communication was easy, as there was usually someone around who spoke both languages. People seldom ventured outside their own communities. Advances in communications and technology have sparked a movement towards a more globally oriented marketplace. In this new emerging marketplace, the need to communicate is at the center of the growth and this need will become an ever-increasing presence in the future.
It is now possible for businessmen to conduct business anywhere in the world, with many people of different cultures and who speak different languages than themselves. In the past, there was a small market for translators and interpreters, most usually worked for large, international companies or the governments. However, as the world becomes smaller and the communication makes it even more so, the need for translators and interpreters will realize an increasing demand. Interpreters and translators are experiencing an increasing degree of professionalism from a more educated clientele consisting of multi-language vendors of many sizes (Austermuhl, 2002). The internet allows the small business an opportunity to play on a global level, a feat that was not a possibility in the past due to logistics. Translation companies range in size from large to the small, independent freelancer. Over the past decade, the translation/interpretation industry has grown to a multi-billion dollar industry (Austermuhl, 2002).
Demand has increased and translators and interpreters face a growing workload. Documents are often lengthy and cumbersome, even with the powerful word-processing and desktop publishing packages available today. In an attempt to meet these demands, software has been developed that will automatically translate a passage from one language to another. Some professionals in the translation/interpretation industry feel that this software is the answer to many long hours at the office and welcome it enthusiastically. However, there are some who feel that this software will replace them and soon they will find themselves penniless and out on the streets.
This argument is a familiar anthem in the industrial age. At the beginning of the 20th century, many laborers in factories feared advances in manufacturing processes, much in the same way translators fear machine translation today. When computers first began to become standard business equipment, the same fear became voiced again. With every new advance in technology, there are always those who fear that they will no longer be needed. Realistically, however, these fears have always been found to be ungrounded in the end and the worker must learn a new skill, operating the new technology, but as of yet, there has been no machine that could completely replace a human being.
Advances in technology make our lives run more efficiently. As the population grows, they naturally have a need for more goods and services. Companies must find a way to meet growing production needs. Machines and technology gives us the means to meet an ever increasing demand. Many fears come from the trepidation of the unknown, and these are the reasons for the fear of man towards new technology. This paper will take a realistic look at machine translation and the capabilities and possibilities that it holds for the future. This paper will show that despite the fears of some, the current state of this technology makes machines an unlikely replacement for live human translators. The paper will highlight the direction of research and development.

Thesis

This paper will be qualitative in nature and will be conducted by an investigation of the literature that exists regarding machine translation. The field of machine translation is in its infancy and there is not, as of yet, vast amount of information available. However, the goal of this paper is to take a realistic look at this field and the possibilities that it holds for the future. The literature review will focus on the current state of the technology with hopes to gain insight into the future. The paper will endeavor to answer the question; Will machine translation eventually replace life human translators?
There are many areas to be considered in a literature review of this topic. ne of the key areas to be considered will be the accuracy of current software applications. Another issue of concern is the ability of the programs to translate languages that use different characters, such as Japanese and English, or Chinese to Arabic. The subject of syntax is also a major concern. These issues will be the key factors for determining the quality of programs currently available. Many advertisers are claiming that their software can accurately produce copies in several languages at one, or that their software is so accurate that no human is needed. These claims will be examined and placed in the proper perspective.
The thesis will surmise that machine translation will never be able to fully replace human translators and that live human translators will always be needed. It is expected that the paper will reveal many inaccuracies in translation by machines and that they will not have the ability to make choices and decisions based on the subtleties of language that involve human emotion. This paper will demonstrate that though machine translators will undoubtedly prove to be a useful tool and timesaving device, they will still need human intervention in order to maintain the quality of translation needed in all respects of life today.

Literature Review

There have been relatively few articles written on machine translation. The topic has been a major portion of translation and computer related conferences and there have been several speakers on the subjects. The subject has not been given much attention in the mainstream media and when it has been given attention; most of the views expressed are not based in the realities of current technology and capabilities. They tend to give a rather science fiction view of the capabilities and do little to add to the factual knowledge base regarding the subject. This area has been receiving quite a bit of attention in the academic world, both from technology related fields, interested in development and from the translation/interpretation field as well. The primary sources for this literature review will be from the academic research currently available.

(A) Machine Translation: History and Current Issues

Champollion (2001) addresses the issue that is, the main subject of this paper, the ability of machines to replace human translators. Champollion agrees that the field of machine translation is still very young. He also feels that advances in software will eventually make the job of a translator, more of a proofreader of machine output (Champollion, 2001). Champollion makes a distinction between a computer playing chess by calculation and a human understanding chess. He compares machine translation to this example. The future of machine translation technology lies in the advancement of neural networks and artificial intelligence. Champollions main argument is that in time advances in technology will make machine translation more accurate, but the human proofreader will still be needed. Although Champollions arguments were interesting, they were for the most part, based on opinion and he gave no solid evidence that technology was moving in the direction that he claims. He references no known research and development advances that support his argument, therefore his opinions can be considered to be just that, a hopeful opinion.
Celia Perez (2001) addressed the same issue regarding the capabilities of machine translation. Translation is both an industrial product and process, and its methods have to adapt to the new industry requirements (Perez, 2001). The roots of machine translation are in cryptography; translating messages and then decoding them character by character. The first language translation was word for word and as we all know, language cannot always be translated word for word, without some very embarrassing mistakes.
In 1966 the ALPAC (Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee) concluded that machine translation could not replace human translation and that it was slower, less reliable and more expensive (Perez, 2001). Perez feels that several large companies do indeed have very good translators and that they expedite the process of translation. However, she also points out that they still cannot be relied upon without human assistance. Perez states that the primary differences in machine translation software currently on the market are in speed and data management. Other than they are primarily the same (Perez, 2001).
The most widely used machine translation system today is Systran. It is used on a daily basis by El Peridico de Catalunya, is a morning daily newspaper based in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. It automatically translates the entire daily newspaper from Spanish to Catalan. It is considered to be perfectly satisfactory, producing a nearly exact copy every time (Perez, 2001). Perez feels that this case is a strong example of the potential for future machine technology advances to replace human translators.
This may be a good example of the capabilities of a machine to perform a routine daily task. However, the argument is not as strong as Perez would suggest. It is unlikely that we will jump from Systran to Universal translators in a short time. The translation from Spanish to Catalan is relatively simple. Catalan is different from Spanish in many ways, but many consider Catalan to be more of a dialect of Spanish. There are grammatical changes, mainly syntax changes. A search and replace command could accomplish the same thing as the current program. It would make a stronger argument for the point if the translation were being performed on two languages that were not so similar. A translation from Spanish to Catalan is rather simplistic in execution.
John Hutchins (1996) feels that the idea of producing perfect machine translated text has been abandoned for more realistic ideas about its proper usage and capabilities. There are approximately 1000 machine translation packages currently available worldwide, Hutchins argues (Hutchins, 1996). Many of them only concentrate on one language pair, such English-Spanish, or Chinese-Russian for example. Most of the major computer companies have a Japanese-English translator program including Fujitsu, Toshiba, NTT, Brother, Catena, Matsush*ta, Mitsubishi, Sharp, Sanyo, Hitachi, NEC, Panasonic, Kodensha, Nova, and Oki (Hutchins, 1996). The major developers and makers of these systems are AppTek, CITAC, EJ Bilingual, LEC, Neocor, PC-Translator, and Globalink (Hutchins, 1996).
Many of the older systems, such as Systran, Fujitsu, Metal and Logos were originally intended to run on a mainframe and were only available to large commercial firms. Due to competition, these developers are now having to produce versions that will run on a PC (Hutchins, 1996). The difficulty in this will be that these systems depend on very large databases. The challenge will be to create a system that can handle the large database, without making it exceedingly slow
One of the most important modern innovations was when CompuServe, (or CompuServe Information Service, also known by its acronym CIS) which was the first major commercial online service in the United States, introduced a machine translator that could translate conversational e-mail (Hutchins, 1996). This package gained wide public acceptance. According to Hutchins, PC-based systems are being purchased on a large scale in Japan and the United States, but in Europe, most systems are still large mainframe based systems used by large companies. Many professionals prefer translation workstations where they can choose the tool most suited to the task. The translator can choose a level from spell-checker to full automated translation. Some of the most popular workstations are Trados' Translation Workbench, IBM's Translation Manager, STAR's Transit, and Eurolang's Optimizer. This type of software is more popular in Europe than elsewhere. Translation is important in Europe, especially as the European Union attempts to become more integrated.
Hutchins reviews the new research projects urrently on the go. Carnegie-Mellon University has begun work on the JANUS system. The JANUS system is a first generation speech translator. The first step to this however, is to develop adequate speech simulator software. Speech simulator software does exist and has found some limited applications such as the JAWS system that translates the written word into speech for blind persons. Voice recognition technology is also behind automated phone systems when you hear the system say, Please press or say one. This technology must improve to the highest degree before we are ready to move into actual speech translation in a different language.
In the beginning, software developers became caught up in just how far they could take their ideas. However, then a practical question must be asked, if the software is available will the people use it? At a 1995 summit on machine translation Bruce and Associates (1995) asked this same question. They found that people were using the new software, but that it was not being used as much as would be expected.
An internet search revealed an interesting position published by a supposed group of linguists and working translators, of which none of them published their names or took credit for the article. The purpose of the article was to dispel myths regarding the accurate capabilities of machine translation. According to this article Mr. Amar Almasude (coordinator of instructional technology, Francis Marion University, Florence, South Carolina) made the following statement at a Translators and Computers Session, ATA November 4-8, 1998. He said Machine translations are still considered inadequate, even useless (Mad Translation, 2003). The original quote could not be located to determine in what context it should be taken. This article appears to be well supported. However, when it is more closely examined, the arguments lacked some key elements. Quotes were made for which no source could be found. The article gives many examples of flawed translations. They also claim to have found the following in a magazine, although they never did say which magazine,

May be in twenty or thirty years from now there will be super-powerful computers with much smarter Operating Systems (neuronal, bionic or whatever) that can produce high-quality automatic translations. The trouble is you don't want to have to wait until then. What can you do in the meantime? Globalization is knocking on your door... Can you afford to wait for these (hypothetical) tools to become available? We suggest you accept help from less ambitious but more effective tools. (Mad Translation, 2003).

In addition, we will also find this bad example of translation produced by a translation program. Although again, the authors never reveal which program was used.

Our program will allow everyone to understand one another better. It will also give you a little push to help you start or increase your interactions with other countries.
Translated into French by a commercial automatic translator:
Notre programme permettra chacun de comprendre un un autre meilleur. Il vous donnera galement pousse pour vous aider commencent ou augmentent vos interactions avec d'autres pays (Mad Translation, 2003).

According to the authors, the French translation is non-sense and says nothing. They use the above example to make the point that translating programs are expensive and do not produce useable results.
The authors of the above mentioned article felt strongly that machine translation was a waste of time and that it was useless in its current state. They largely used opinions of others similar to theirs as support for their position, yet they never find a complete source for this information. This was one extreme view on the disposition of machine translation and was included in this literature review to make several points. The first is that the opinions expressed on this website were extreme in their position, by comparison to other articles on the same subject. The second is that one must be careful to check the credibility of the person, for example, these authors never cited the persons in their articles, even when quotes were used. The danger of such an article is that this may effectively sway public opinion, but will never move it in any significant manner
This article brings up the question of expectation. If a person takes a real perspective on the argument as to whether machine technology is a useful tool, then they will recognize its limitations and may still decide to use this technology at its current capabilities. Many people do have expectations of machine translation that give it the capability of replacing human speech. The latter of these people will find themselves in a position to try some of these translations. As they expect nearly perfect speech, they will find themselves largely disappointed, as was the case with the above article.
Demos and Fraunfelder have compiled a concise history of machine translation. In 1969, the focus of computer systems became involved in the development of machine translation. In 1990, Dragon systems released a 30,000 word strong system for dictation to PCs. By the late 1990s translation software began to become available to the general public for use on PCs. There have been many individual milestones since this time. One of the most important recent developments has been an ongoing project at MIT that is working on a speech translator, but they are many years away from completion (Demos and Fraunfelder, 2000). This history appears to be accurate up to modern times; however, the end of the article gives a timeline up to the year 2264 with some very ridiculous predictions. It does appear that the dates up to present are accurate when checked with dates given in other sources.
John Hutchins, in a speech in Beijing, China (1999) stated that there are different types of translation output needed for different purposes. The first type of output is high quality, accurate output similar to that produced by human translators. This type would be needed for advertising materials and technical writing. The second type is output that is of lower quality and captures the content of what is being said without being absolutely grammatically perfect. This type would be useful in email translation or for WebPages. The third type is translation between two individuals, with a telephone or written communication. The fourth type is translation within information retrieval systems, such as a search engine.
Hutchins reviews the current state of technology. The Internet has caused a massive need to further the development of machine translation technology. Hutchins feels that the future needs of machine translation are to produce machines that are cost effective and affordable for individual users. Professional bi-lingual translator is expensive and, in some cases, the person may not wish to spend that amount of money on their project. This is where machine translation could fill an important niche. Current PC versions of software are not even good enough for this type of application.
ACENTINUS is a system currently being developed in Europe. It connects law enforcement computer throughout the European Union. The software must allow for search in multiple languages (Hutchins, 1996). This is one example of a growing trend for software that does not translate material, but rather to carry out a function in multiple languages. Along these same lines, there is also a growing trend toward developing software that can translate the same document into several languages at the same time.
Hutchins gives a factual survey of the current states of the machine translation technology as well a look to the future needs and development issues. He looks to current research being performed in order to reach a feeling for what the future has to hold. This article was one of the most well documents and sensible articles written on machine technology. Hutchins feels that machine technology will not replace human translators.
The primary pointthat Hutchins makes is that we cannot make blanket generalizations about whether machine translation is useless or a helpful tool. As Hutchins pointed out, there are many different levels of translation needed, depending upon the application. It is unlikely that a machine will be able to replace the type of translation needed in business correspondence, technical writing or other more sensitive applications. However, in the application requiring less accuracy, machine translation could take over many routine and time-consuming tasks.
Some authors up to this point have formed their opinions based on the assumption that the objective of machine translation is to produce work equal to the human translator. This may not always be the objective. We must suit the type of translation needed to the application for which it was intended. This is the point that Hutchins brought out and one that has been largely ignored by other authors. Machine translation may not be suitable for all translation projects, but there are many areas where it could be the most useful tool in a translators file cabinet. Hutchins brought out many points that other authors overlooked.
Napier (2000) states that there are two types of machine translation software, assisted and unassisted. Assisted software means that it requires a degree of human input to set parameters. It is more suitable for writing in which the output is highly technical and needs to be as close to a human professional translator as possible. Unassisted translation would be more suitable for applications where the output can be less realistic, such as in multi-language database searches and if the person only wishes to get a general idea of what the article is talking about. Napier also cautions us against believing claims made by manufacturers regarding the accuracy of translations using their product.
Up until now we have focused on translation programs that translate word by word. There is however another type of machine translator being exploited. It is called Natural Language Processing (NLP). It uses SQL queries in the form of a question. This technology is attempting to develop a method for translating whole phrases or groups of words, keeping the syntax and meaning intact. The completion of this type of translator is far from a form that will be useful and accurate enough to use for even the simplest applications.
Machine translation brings up many political issues as well. For instance, in countries where multiple languages are spoken, whose language should be the dominant language? There is always the issue of the Master tongue and favoritism. This will be a key issue in the European Union as they begin to move towards greater unity.
Martin Kay (2000) of the Xerox Corporation wrote a white paper on the status and promise of machine translation. The general consensus has been that Machine Translation has been disappointing in many areas. Once again, he apparently expected that the only usage of this technology would be for quality, professional technical translations. Therefore, the current translations are considered to be low quality and of no use to professionals.
Up to this point we have discussed the brief history of machine translation. We have examined views on the current status of the industry and gained support for the success or failure of the current program. It seems that opinions in this area are grouped into two camps. The first camp feels that the entire area has been disappointing and that the quality of translations is not useful in any way. This group of people obviously expected that the machine translation programs would be operating as efficiently as the ones on Star Trek by now. This is an unrealistic expectation as there are many steps and developments that must take place before we get there. Many of the persons who hold these opinions feel that machine translation is largely a waste of time that will never be of any use.
Those who are more hopeful express another school of thought. They recognize that the current technology is not where it could be in the future. They do feel that the field has the potential to progress much farther and that in the future translations will become much more reliable and accurate. Some have suggested that the answers lie in discovering the keys behind neural networked and fuzzy logic (probabilistic approximate reasoning). Only the future will tell if these ideals become a reality.
The most realistic approach to the problem in all of the literature so far has been that expressed by Hutchins (1996, 1999). When reading Hutchins, it became clear that when we began talking about machine translation, we had not defined out parameters and defined our terms. This has been the primary reason for the two camps of thought previously mentioned. Both of the previous thought patterns, whether optimistic or pessimistic on the future of machine translation, have relied on one basic, but unspoken assumption. Both of these thoughts have assumed that the ultimate goal of the machine translation field was to produce a machine that translated high level technical papers in a manner that produced a product closely resembling professional translations in quality. This is a lofty goal and there are many other conditions that were not even considered. The assumption of these unrealistic, yet lofty goals is the key reason for the first two extremes in opinion.
As Hutchins points out, there are many different translation needs and not all of them need to be high quality, professional translations. The least likely final usage of machine translation would be the type described by the first two groups. The more likely scenario would be to use it where lower levels of precision and accuracy are required. A likely course of development may be to perfect the process for the lower level functions, such as multi-language search engines, or for translating web content where the general meaning is needed. Then, perhaps, the technology can progress to more complex levels and the output can become a higher caliber. The extremists discussed earlier wanted to jump right to producing perfect works of literature. There are many developmental steps before we get that far. We must learn to do the less strenuous tasks before we can even begin to move to more complex ones.
To summarize the findings presented regarding the current status of machine translation, it would seem that the problem does not lie in the technology itself, or in the advancement of it. The problem in measuring the success of the progress so far lies in judging the current status based on expectations, either realistic, or unrealistic. There has been an unspoken assumption that the ultimate goal was to be able to produce full literary works in translation, complete with all of the nuances contained in the original text. This would be a difficult, if not impossible, task even for professional human translators.
The difficulty in this type of translation is that some elements in one language may not even exist in the language into which the piece is being translated. If we truly assess the success or failures of this new technology, we must first clearly define the parameters by which it is being judged. It all goes back to the old clich about learning to crawl before we can learn to walk.

(B) Future Research Trends and Projects.

Now that we have a good idea of where we have been, this paper would not be complete without discussing some of research projects, either recently completed or being conducted currently. The following discussion highlights some of the research and advances in the field presently being tested and attempted. Perhaps these projects will give us a better idea of where the real direction and future of machine translation is going.
Knight and Yamada, (1999) explored the possibility of producing a computational method for deciphering texts. This is similar to the original system of encryption on which the entire field is based. They focused on the case in which an unfamiliar script is encodd into a known language. They also included whether the techniques will stand up against grammatical change over time.
Many researchers have taken an interest in trying to develop techniques for translating Japanese into English and vice a versa. This interest has become one of the most popular areas in research and development. Germann, (1998a, 1998b, and 1999) has been working on a method for using dependency parser for Japanese and also a method for making semantic interpretations Parser Independent. So far his research has resulted in an approximately 83.6% accuracy rate. Current programs claim to offer 99% accuracy rates. However, so far these have proven to be unsubstantiated advertising claims. Germanns work may represent a higher realistic average than programs currently on the market.
Language has many nuances and these nuances are a key issue in the development of more advanced, high-level machine translating devices. For instance a work in one language may have two words to which it could be translated. Both words may have the same technical meaning, but would convey a different thought, such as cool and cold. Both refer to a lower temperature; however, they have different connotations. There has been work on resolving the issue of which word to choose in the past, but it has received little attention. Knight and Al-Onaizan (1998) are working on a statistical method of prediction based on a set of algorithms. There has been no word on their progress or results, but they are working on it.
Knight and several other associates have also been approaching this issue from several different angles as well (Knight, 1997; Yamada, 1996; Knight, 1996; Knight, K. and V. Hatzivassiloglou. 1995; Langkilde, I. and Knight, K. 1998; and Knight, K., I. Chander, M. Haines, V. Hatzivassiloglou, E.H. Hovy, M. Iida, S.K. Luk, A. Okumura, R.A. Whitney, and K. Yamada. 1994). Some of these approaches are based on algorithms for choosing words. Some methods rely on large databases to make decisions. As of yet, these methods hold the most promise.
Current research is focusing on translating language pairs that are more difficult such as Japanese and English and English and Arabic (Stalls and Knight, 1998; and Knight et. al., 1994 and Okinura and Hovy, 1994). Knight has been working on a system for adding annotated editing to machine translation programs (Knight and Chandler, 1994). Other areas of research include how to incorporate large bases of knowledge and make decisions when some of the information needed is missing (Knight, and Hatzivassiloglou. 1995; Hatzivassiloglou, and Knight. 1995; Knight and Luk. 1994).
Much of this research is in its infancy. In the field of machine translation there is not, as of yet, volumes of peer-reviewed academic journals. Much of the research is mentioned briefly or at best in abstract form at conferences or is published in popular trade magazines in the translation field. None of the researches mentioned above is complete or in final published form. It simply exists as a mention in another publication. These new researchers are delving into areas that are on the fringes of artificial intelligence, neural networks and areas not yet touched by computer science. Not only are they developing more computer techniques, they are applying them to a young field. This research is far from complete and it will be exciting to see where it will go and which methods currently being developed will hold the most promise.
A literature review revealed much incomplete and missing information regarding current research directions and projects. There are only a handful of academic researchers working on the projects. In the future, it is expected that more researchers will enter into this field, especially as the global demand for translators increase. However, for now, they remain an elite group.
Conducting a literature review in this field proved to be different than in any other field. In old sciences such as psychology, it is difficult to narrow a topic due to the over abundance of peer reviewed works. However, the area of machine translation did not become an area of serious academic concern until the early to mid 1990s when technology became advanced enough to allow of these new concepts to enter the imagination. Therefore a literature review in the area of machine translation is rather general in scope. It will become more specialized in the future. However, there are still more basic questions to be answered and problems to be solved.
Until more techniques are discovered and more advances are made, literature on machine translation is scant. Many of the sources found simply repeated the same information over and over. In this case the best source was considered and the others were ignored. Articles that simply expressed non-supported opinion were also not mentioned, unless they had some valid point to make. The wealth of literature on machine translation will increase in time, but for now we must sift through the rubbish and look to the possibilities of the future.

Discussion and Conclusion

Machine translation presents many technical challenges and as we found in our literature review, many are willing to throw the baby out with the bath water. They are willing to make judgements as to the success or failure of machine translation based on a few early prototypes and models based on technology first designed to work on mainframes. These persons are willing to stop research and development based on preliminary research. An examination current and ongoing research reveals that developers are well aware of the inadequacies and errors associated with the current state of technology.
They are working to resolve those issues from many different angles. However, the resolution of these issues requires the advent of the next generation in computers. Namely, in order to decide which is the better word to use, computers will have to be equipped with some form of decision-making intelligence. Current models are based on arithmetic calculations, much like a standard calculator. This method is inadequate for the complex decisions that need to be made. It is likely that when computers are advanced in a way that allows them to make human-like decisions, then the problem of language translation will be simple by comparison.
Doubters regarding the future abilities of machine translation will just have to wait and see as new advances make the ideal of the poetry of Elizabeth Barrett Browning seem like childs play in any language. In the mean time, they need to get their expectations into a more realistic level and more in tune with current technology advances. Currently, translation programs are successful in performing translations on the most simplistic level and in areas where accuracy is not very important. In the case of a search engine, this lack of precision may actually be an asset as it may return more hits in areas that are closely, but not exactly related.
Currently, some translation programs can perform translations that give a general idea of the meaning of the passage; however, they do not capture all of the nuances. Instead of calling them a failure, we need to find a place where they are needed, such as in the description of a web page or an abstract of an article. For functions such as these, machine translation can provide a cost-effective alternative to professional translators. Hiring a professional translator for functions such as these would be good for the professional translator, but bad for the consensus in terms of cost.
Professional translators do have their place and it is unlikely that there will be a time when machines are solely responsible for the translation needs of our world. It is also unlikely, at least in the near future that the position of a professional translator will turn into that of a proofreader either. Programs are not that advanced and even if they were, there is a major issue in the ability of them to conduct the social graces necessary to conduct high level politics and reproduce the nuances f an art piece.
Machines are efficient, but they lack the ability to add emotion and feeling to their work. One may recall a translation error in the mid-1970s that cost one auto manufacturer a lot of money. The Chevy Company produced and marketed an automobile called the Nova, referring to a celestial place where stars are born. They decided to market the same car in Mexico without changing the name. In Spanish, the name Nova became No va, which means, it doesnt [go]. This was hardly a car the Mexican market would spend their money on. One can imagine many such instances as these, if there were no human to proofread and correct machine translations.
As an exploration into current research projects revealed that proofreading is not the only issue facing the machine translation industry. There are many instances where there is no equivalent word or phrase in another language. In this case, a human would have to decide the best way to express the meaning. We are many years away from developing a computer that can make this kind of complex decision. For now, at least, it would seem as if professional translators are safe. Their status will not be reduced to that of an editor at any time in the near future.
The question of whether machines will replace the need for professional human translators is a time-related question, many doomsayers feel that their days are numbered and that they are close to being replaced by the JavaScript translator applet. This is a program available on the internet where anyone can go up on the internet and type in a paragraph and click the mouse to get it in eight languages. There is only one problem, if one actually knew the other languages, they would find that there are many cases the words chosen make no sense. This is because the translator chooses words on a word by word basis. This means that, the big cat ate little fur ball could be translated into almost anything, depending on the various possibilities for the words big, cat and fur ball. These are areas that the new research is trying to tackle, but for now machine translation must have human intervention to be successful.
Doomsayers may have their wish in the future, but it is unlikely, even in the future. Science Fiction has toyed with the idea of artificial intelligence learning and eventually becoming sentient, many times to the demise of the human race. However, just as this seems far-fetched it seems unlikely that a computer will ever carry on a conversation over afternoon tea. Chess games have been devised that can seem quite human, especially when they keep winning. However, the logic behind these computers is still arithmetically based. The computer simply runs a series of calculations and probabilities to make it next move. This is much the same way a translator program works. It can simply predict the likelihood that a certain word should be chosen.
The global economy requires that the world move an ever-increasing pace. All systems from transportation to billing and banking all must move faster and faster. Every system is important, but we cannot forget that none of these other systems could function without communication. In the past, the only people who needed the services of a translator or interpreter were those who engaged in international travel, governments and diplomats. Now that scenario is changing and with advances in communications technology, there is a growing opportunity for small business and individuals to conduct business with a person who speaks a different language. Individuals can go online and talk to another person from across the world. All of these situations would make excellent opportunities for professional translators. However, many private citizens and small businesses simply cannot afford these services.
The growing need for international communications creates a booming market for the machine translation business. In its current state, it has limited usage as far as accuracy and the ability to make decisions. However, this does not mean that the future could be bright for this emerging sector of the global economy. The demand is there currently, but the technology is lagging behind. More researchers are needed to try to solve the current technological dilemmas. The possibilities for growth are enormous and are expected to continue into the far future.
Future research needs to focus on bringing current technology up to the standards needed by the profession. Translations by internet based programs often produce laughable results and many in the industry refuse to take them seriously as well. However, as the technology advances, these resources may prove valuable or those who cannot afford a professional translator.
We have examined the history of the machine translation industry. The industry has only been around since the late 1960s even though the idea was around in the 1940s. The current state technology stems from encryption technology used during World War II. This technology uses a character by character translation. This is similar to the word by word translators of today. These translators have many problems associated with accuracy. Future research will focus on developing a decision making process that will allow more appropriate word choices to be made. The current state of technology does not fully serve the needs of the population. However, if the research currently being conducted is any indication, this situation will be remedied in the near future.
In conclusion, the paper questions centered on an exploration of the literature currently available concerning the past, present, and future state of machine translation. This field is in its infancy and there are few peer-reviewed articles available. In reference to the thesis that professional human translators will not be completely replaced by machines. It would appear from the research that thesis has been proven true, at least for the item being. However, if advances in computer technology improve, there may be a time in the distant future when machines replace all of our jobs, but only time will tell.

Works Cited

Austermhl, F. (2002) The Dysfunctional Family - Remarks on Communication (or a Lack Thereof) within the Translation Community. Presentation. International Feder. Cen.Tr.I. Conference. October 12, 2002. Sala Michelangelo. Retrieved from http://217.223.150.10/abstracts.htm.

Brace, C., Vasconcellos, M. and Miller, L. (1995). MT Users and Usage: Europe and Americas. Paper presented at the Fifth Machine Translation Summit in Luxembourg. July 1995.
Retrieved from http://www.mt-archive.info/MTS-1995-Brace.pdf

Champollion, Y. (2001). Machine Translation (MT) and the Future of the Translation Industry. Translation Journal. January 2001 5 (1).

Demos, K. and Fraunfelder, M. (2003) Machine Translation's Past and Future. 2003 Wired.com. Issue 8.05, May, 2000.

Germann, U. (1998a). Making Semantic Interpretation Parser-Independent. Proceedings of the 4th AMTA Conference.

Germann, U. (1998b)Visualization of Protocols of the Parsing and Semantic Interpretation Steps in a Machine Translation System. COLING-ACL Workshop on Content Visualization and Intermedia Representations. Montreal, Quebc.

Germann, U. (1999).A Deterministic Dependency Parser for Japanese. Proceedings of the MT Summit VII: MT in the Great Translation Era.

Hatzivassiloglou, V. and K. Knight. (1995) Unification-Based Glossing. Proceedings of the 14th IJCAI Conference. Montreal, Quebc.

Hutchins, John. (1996) Computer-based translation systems and tools. ELRA Newsletter December 1996. 1 (4).

Hutchins, J. (1999) The development and use of machine translation systems and computer-based translation tools. International Symposium on Machine Translation and
Computer Language Information Processing, Beijing, China. 26-28 June 1999,

Kay, M. (2002) Machine Translation: The Disappointing Past and Present. White paper. Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, California, USA, 2002. http://www.lt-world.org/hlt-survey/ltw-chapter8-2.pdf

Knight, K. (196). Learning Word Meanings by Instruction. Proceedings of the American Association of Artificial Intelligence AAAI-96. Portland, OR.

Knight, K. (1997). Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Machine Translation. AI Magazine 18(4).

Knight, K. and Al-Onaizan, Y. (1998)Translation with Finite-State Devices. Proceedings of the 4th AMTA Conference. 1998.

Knight, K. and I. Chander. (1994) . Automated Post editing of Documents. Proceedings of the American Association of Artificial Intelligence AAAI-94. Seattle, WA.

Knight, K., I. Chander, M. Haines, V. Hatzivassiloglou, E.H. Hovy, M. Iida, S.K. Luk, A. Okumura, R.A. Whitney, and K. Yamada. (1994). Integrating Knowledge Bases and Statistics in MT. Proceedings of the 1st AMTA Conference. Columbia, MD.

Knight, K., I. Chander, M. Haines, V. Hatzivassiloglou, E.H. Hovy, M. Iida, S.K. Luk, R.A. Whitney, and K. Yamada. (1995). Filling Knowledge Gaps in a Broad-Coverage MT System. Proceedings of the 14th IJCAI Conference. Montreal, Quebc.

Knight, K. and J. Graehl. (1997). Machine Transliteration. Proceedings of the ACL-97. Madrid, Spain.

Knight, K. and V. Hatzivassiloglou. (1995). Two-Level, Many-Paths Generation. Proceedings of the ACL-95. Cambridge, MA.

Knight, K. and S. Luk. (1994). Building a Large-Scale Knowledge Base for Machine Translation. Proceedings of the American Association of Artificial Intelligence AAAI-94. Seattle, WA.

Knight, K. and K. Yamada. (1999) A Computational Approach to Deciphering Unknown Scripts. Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Unsupervised Learning in Natural Language Processing. 1999.

Langkilde, I. and Knight, K. (1998). The Practical Value of N-Grams in Generation. Proceedings of the International Natural Language Generation Workshop. Niagra-on-the-Lake, Ontario.

Mad Translation. (2003) About Machine Translation (MT). Retrieved from http://www.fortunecity.com/business/reception/19/ accessed February, 2003.

Napier, M. (2000) "The Soldiers are in the Coffee - An Introduction to Machine Translation", Cultivate Interactive, issue 2, 16 October 2000. Retrieved from http://www.cultivate-int.org/issue2/mt/ accessed February, 2003.

Okumura, A. and E.H. Hovy. (1994). Lexicon-to-Ontology Concept Association Using a Bilingual Dictionary. Proceedings of the 1st AMTA Conference. Columbia, MD.

Perez, C. (2001) From Novelty to Ubiquity: Computers and Translation at the Close of the Industrial Age. Translation Journal. January 2001. 5(1).

Stalls, B. and Knight, K. (1998). Translating Names and Technical Terms in Arabic Text. COLING/ACL Workshop on Computational Approaches to Semitic Languages. Montreal, Quebc. Retrieved from http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/W/W98/W98-1005.pdf

Yamada, K. (1996). A Controlled Skip Parser. Proceedings of the 2nd AMTA Conference. Montreal, Quebc. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1008044302570?LI=true#page-1

There are faxes for this order.

Communication Plan for Wal-Mart Store

MGT/426 Managing Change in the Workplace
Managing Change Paper Part III
Wal-Mart Super Store

Prepare a 500-word paper applying an appropriate change model to your selected organization?s change situation.
Develop a communication plan for that change.
Put your communication plan for change into 5 sections.
Here is Parts I and II for some guidance..

PT 1
Change Management for WalMart
Introduction
The commercial environment in which firms compete is forever changing. Internal and external forces stimulate a need for change; firms that fail to change and adapt are likely to stagnate and suffer as a result of their resistance to change. The aim of this paper is to look at an organization which needs to change, considering what change is needed, the lifecycle of change, including consideration of continuous and discontinuous change, and different types of change agents.
The Need for Change at WalMart
WalMart is the largest retailer in the US; it is also the largest private employer with an estimated 1.3 million employees (Workplacefairness.org, 2014). The firm places a high level of reliance in the employees, but despite this the firm appears to have ongoing problems with its employee relations; the firm is regularly accused of discrimination, excessively low wages, and unfair practices (Halkias, 2014; RT.com, 2014). The problems are not new; the problems have been ongoing for many years, indicating a need for change within the organization and the way they engage with employees. To consider now the change should be designed and implemented it is necessary to look at the cycle of change.
The Cycle of Change
There is a pattern to the way successful changes take place within organizations. Several models have been developed to describe the process or cycle of change. Looking at all the models below, it becomes apparent there is a general pattern of preparation, implementation and then monitoring and support.
Lewin's (1951) change model is old, but is still widely cited. This model has three stages, the preparation of the change during which the plans are made and employees support should be gained, the implementation of the change, and finally entrenching the change (Lewin, 1951).
Kotter (1996) developed an 8 stage model, the stages are self explanatory. The stages are, firstly, the creation of a sense of urgency, forming a powerful coalition, the creation of a vision and strategy, and the communication to share the vision (Kotter, 1996). This will be followed by the removal of obstacles, creating some sort term wins, building on the change and then anchoring the change in the organizational culture (Kotter, 1996). The first stages of preparation and communication relate to Lewin's preparation stage, the middle stages to the actual change and the last two are the equivalent of entrenching the change.
The next consideration is the way in which the change occurs, there are two main typos of change; continuous and discontinuous.
Continuous Change
Continuous change may also be called evolutionary change or incremental change (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2010). These types of changes take place gradually, and may evolve naturally. Continuous change may take place in small steps, and face less resistance due to its gradual nature, it is also the type of change that may facilitate ongoing change, such as programs where there is the aim of constant improvements being sought (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2010). This would involve making small changes so they became part of the culture, but the results may take a long time to be realized.
Discontinuous Change
Discontinuous change may also be called revolutionary change or transformational change (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2010). Discontinuous changes are major changes that have a significant impact on the employees (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2010). Nadler, Shaw, & Walton (2004), state that this type of change can be traumatic and painful for a firm. The change may be sudden and there may be a higher level of fear regarding the change that may result in higher levels of resistance compared to continuous change, and more employee support will be needed if the change is to be efficient and effective (Nadler et al., 2004). An advantage is that discontinuous change may facilitate more rapid change, which is needed at WalMart.
Change Agents
Caldwell (2003) developed four classifications of change agents, these included leaders, management, change teams and consultants. Two of the main change agents are the leadership and the employees, one of which may influence through the formal channels of communication, and the other through the informal channels.
Leaders will have a vision, are able to communicate and win support though meetings and actions. The leaders are able to delegate and allocate resources, and it is known if senior management and leadership do not support a change, the potential for success will diminish (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2010). The need for change, along with the sense of urgency and allocation of resources needed can be facilitated by the leadership, to develop a culture where there is a greater engagement with employees, where issues may be resolved internally and there is a greater stakeholder approach.
Employees will also need to be engaged, leaders can engage with management so that the message permeates down through the hierarchy. Management can then engage with opinion leaders in the employee base to garner support, explaining the change and gaining support. The culture of an organization and the way practices are implemented will be heavily reliant on the employees; if WalMart store managers and team leaders do not adopt the changes in values and practices, which impact on the culture, the problems with employee relations will continue.

References

Buchanan, D; Huczynski, A, (2010) Organizational Behavior, Harlow, FT/Prentice Hall

Caldwell Raymond, (2003), Models of Change Agency: a Fourfold Classification, British Journal of Management, 14 131-132

Halkias, M, (2014, April 1), Appeals court allows former Wal-Mart employee?s gender bias lawsuit to proceed, Dallas News, accessed at http://www.dallasnews.com/business/retail/20140401-appeals-court-allows-former-wal-mart-employees-gender-bias-lawsuit-to-proceed.ece on 20th June 2014

Kotter J P, (1996), Leading Change, Harvard Business Press

Lewin K, (1951) Field Theory in Social Sciences, Harper and Row

Nadler David A; Shaw Robert B; Walton A. Elise, (1994), Discontinuous Change: Leading Organizational Transformation, Jossey-Bass

RT.com, (2014, Jan 16), Feds accuse Walmart of threatening, intimidating employees who protest company, RT, accessed http://rt.com/usa/walmart-charged-documents-labor-union-679/ on 20th June 2014

Workplacefairness.org, (2014), Wal-Mart, accessed at http://www.workplacefairness.org/reports/good-bad-wal-mart/wal-mart.php on 20th June 2014

PT 2
Managing Change at Wal-Mart
Wal-Mart is among the unique success stories in the business world. Founded by Sam Walton in 1962, the company has expanded to become the largest corporation in the world. The success of this company can be attributed to a range of strategies culminating to higher productivity and reduced costs than competitors. These strategies allowed Wal-Mart to earn a high turnover while charging low prices. Regardless of all the success, the company is experiencing problems. Even with the long term held belief that workers must be treated well; the corporation has been a target of the workers, citing discrimination and working for long hours without overtime pay. All these warrant the need for change.
Understanding shared vision and organizational culture is a key determinant of success in introducing change. It is certain that in the organization, there will be resistance to change. Employees? basic way of life is likely to change, and their familiar work environment will be altered. Basic organizational aspects will be challenged so change will generate stiff resistance. Communicating the vision for the change, thus is a crucial vehicle to help generate commitment and overcome resistance. Understanding why the change is beneficial and necessary will be the most vital move in obtaining employee commitment. According to research, employers have a tendency of explaining ?why? to subordinates they hold in high esteem. Therefore, explaining ?why? will communicate both esteem and caring for employees touched by the change process (Kezar & George Washington University, 2001).
The issue is that most Wal-Mart employees are part of the previous way of life as well as part of the future change. Previous criticisms diminish employee commitment because it is perceived as a criticism of the previous best efforts of Wal-Mart?s employees. Wal-Mart?s leadership must communicate a straight and clear vision about the future because change must have a clear picture of the future. Lack of organizational vision will make it difficult for Wal-Mart to achieve a successful change. According to Kotter (1995), it is very vital for Wal-Mart?s leadership to communicate a shared vision by explaining it.
Organizational culture also has a role in developing changes within Wal-Mart. Culture is the most powerful tool for managing and controlling employee behavior in the face of change. Rules and regulations may not be effective; instead, creative culture of innovation will accomplish better results by motivating employees to know that the company priorities are clear. Leaders are required to develop and manage change by fostering a suitable environment within Wal-Mart to adopt change (Mohan, 2013). Leaders are obliged to generate new strategies to develop and manage culture. The culture includes the values and beliefs that lead Wal-Mart to innovation. They include the unwritten disciplines and rules, and the leadership role will be consultative, supportive, and instructive. In Wal-Mart?s case, the most important role of the managers in change management is supporting a shared vision and organizational culture. Therefore, the ability to understand the organizational culture is a vital aspect for Wal-Mart to have in its toolkit when implementing their change process.
Engaging people who are most affected by the change, using change agents and empowering employees to implement components of the change will help minimize resistance. Sharing a common vision as broadly as possible will inhibit the trend of people developing their own theories in the face of uncertainty and ambiguity. Reducing rumor by sharing a common goal and information are all ways of engendering support (Yaeger & Sorensen, 2009).
Change management in Wal-Mart is the key to staying abreast with internal and external forces in the business world. However, it is a continuous and complex process; Wal-Mart must practice this new strategy to operate successfully.
References
Kezar, A. J. & George Washington University. (2001). Understanding and facilitating organizational change in the 21st century: Recent research and conceptualizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Mohan, M. L. (2013). Organizational communication and cultural vision: Approaches for analysis. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Yaeger, T. F., & Sorensen, P. F. (2009). Strategic organization development: Managing change for success. Charlotte: Information Age Pub.

Tylenol Case Analysis: Johnson and

This is a team assignment and I believe we are about 60% to 70% done with the assignment but we have had two people on our team not contribute. Now we are in a fix, because our paper and PPT is due on Monday at noon. I would like to send you what we have thus far and see if you can help us with a little more research to fill in the case study steps that our team mates did not complete. Also, I noticed alot of redundancy as I edited the document today and I have been working to eliminate. I am also concerned that the some of the team members have placed the correct content under the correct steps. Good news is that we have been given an example of a case study that we are to follow "professor loverde's case study" (which I am attaching) and so I would like to attach this as well as a template reference that we need to align with.

Also, the document that we have put together thus far "tylenol cyanide case" has alot of color highlights, and this is really just my way of communicating with my other team mates. I used grey in the text when I felt that the content in grey actually matched the steps or appeared to align in some way. Problem I see is that my team mates are not really working through the case study front to back and they are duplicating content every time they submit something - - and not necessarily answering the steps properly. Could you please look at what we have, and help me to make sure the content under each step is correct, and the steps where content is missing / including the Summary or Conclusion is filled in? (also, when we are done, the school will run this through plagerism software so please cite properly) - I left a few great extra references - that we can go to for more content if we need to.

When I get this back, I still have to put a PPT together - so I am in a little rush to get this back. I will make one slide for every PPT - so I hope the case study will easily allow me to see this.

Is there a way to get this by Sunday evening? - time isn't important - it can be late, but just Sunday so that I have time to work on the ppt.

Johnson and Johnson Tylenol Case Analysis

Team C
PHL 323
March 1, 2010

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Abstract

Taking responsibility and immediate action in the face of a huge crisis is a requirement for any U.S. corporation if they are to survive and maintain their market position and reputation. These types of organizations are expected to be socially responsible to their employees and the public not only if they are directly involved in a crisis involving their products or services, but also if there is an indirect association. In 1982 Johnson and Johnson was faced with this challenge. They were indirectly involved in a catastrophe which killed seven people because their leading pain killer Tylenol was tampered with and unassuming consumers became the victim of such an atrocity. The way in which Johnson and Jonson dealt with the situation is the basis or our case study. In fact, their response was remarkable and commendable. The outcome of this catastrophe created a new standard in crisis management. The company was applauded for how they responded while prioritizing the consumer over their monetary losses. As a result, Johnson and Johnson recovered and within months after the crisis their markets share exceeded all expectations.
This paper will discuss the entire case; dissect the elements of the case, symptoms, goals of the organization, management theory, diagnosis the barriers Johnson and Johnson, the media and the public viewed during the crisis, solutions proposed, action plans they used to overcome barriers, consequences to the plan, action plan to the larger context, external forces, implications for two directions of corporate integrity, and it will interpret the original case elements in light of the larger horizons of the era. Johnson and Johnson was seriously affected by the chain of events caused by this crisis, but how they handle this challenge, and how they moved through the process is the very reason they not only survived but are thriving today.

Step 1; Elements of the Case
Company Facts
Johnson and Johnson firm incorporated in 1887. The firm provided sealed surgical dressing which was germ-free, wrapped and ready to be used. In the late 1880s this was considered modern medicine and for antiseptic treatment of wounds. Johnson and Johnson had subsidiaries in more than fifty countries worldwide. McNeil Consumer Products is a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson developed the painkiller called Tylenol. As an oath to the public, Johnson and Johnson created a Credo statement, written in Robert Johnson in 1943, conveying and prioritizing their responsibility to their consumers. This statement is posted on their website today as Our Credo Value and demonstrates the emphasis on being socially responsible to everyone who uses their products http://www.jnj.com/connect/about-jnj/jnj-credo/?flash=true).
Actual Crisis
On September 30, 1982 CEO, James Burke of McNeil was notified that seven people died from the Chicago area from cyanide laced Tylenol after ingesting the capsules. People died within minutes of taking the capsules. The perpetrator placed deadly cyanide into the Tylenol bottles. The nation was warned that there might be a connection between the deaths and Tylenol. Suddenly Johnson and Johnson was faced with explaining to the world how a well know product was suddenly killing people. In response to the information at hand, the Police in Chicago proactively led the charge to notify their communities. Three national television networks reported details on the evening news and they focused on 24 hour coverage, which was new at the time. The next day the Food and Drug Administration advised consumers to avoid the Tylenol capsules, "until the association with deaths had been be clarified" (Tifft, 18). Johnson and Johnson issued a public relations response immediately naming their number one priority, to protect the consumers using their products.

Step 2; Symptoms of the Problem ??" (VIC)
The crisis created a nationwide panic and because of the new twenty four hour media the news reached the public quickly. One hospital in Chicago received 700 calls in one day. Johnson and Johnson received 1411 calls over 10 days. Across the country people were admitted on suspicion of cyanide poisoning in to hospitals for observation (Tifft, 18). Johnson and Johnson worked with the media to distribute information about the poisonings to the public as quickly as possible. When the news spread copycat criminals began to tamper with the products and add to the crisis. FDA confirmed more tampering had taken place, but this did not actually reach the public. The total number of actual tampering was 36 (Church, 27).The Food and Drug Administration counted 270 incidences of possible product tampering (Kaplan, 1998).
Additional symptoms to the problem were that Tylenols market share plummeted after the crisis. Since Tylenols name was tied to the tampered goods, they were held indirectly responsible for the deaths of seven people, and possibly more as view by the public. J & J needed to figure out how to deal with the crisis, protect the public and lastly not destroy the reputation of their products or their company. The decision was made by the company to first take responsibility and action to address the patients affected. Next, the protection of the potential consumers at risk recognizing that not everyone may have heard the news once this crisis was made public. With the onslaught of death, and potentially more death to result, the public and experts felt that Tylenol could not recover from horrible atrocity. The public also felt that the Tylenol product wasnt safe anymore ??" market share dropped from double digits to single digits within weeks (Mitchell, 1989).

Step 3; Identification of Goals ??" (Vic)
In 1982, Tylenol controlled 37% of the pain killer market, approx $1.2M and became the leading painkiller outselling Anacin, Bayer, Bufferin, and Excedrin. Seventeen to eighteen percent net earnigs of Johnson and Johnson were from Tylenol sales. Profits placed Johnson and Johnson in the top half of the Fortune 500 (Berg, 1998). The company had been doing well for years and was on track to grow market share by at least 15% over the next year. Tylenol was to the product that would lead this company to further success. That is until the Tylenol laced cyanide crisis came to be. This calamity changed the strategic plan, management goals, parent to subsidiary goal across the organization ??" within a 24 hour period. Instantly, an immediate crisis mode was assumed and a reassessment and reprioritization of their goals and immediate actions required jolted every executive, manager and employee in the organization.
Immediate Goals once Crisis was Revealed
Reacting to the news, when Johnson and Johnson was faced with the initial situation; it had to make some tough decisions that would severely impact the future of the company. Rather than think in financial terms only, CEO James Burke immediately turned to the company's Credo. Written by Robert Johnson, back in 1943, the document defined the focus of the company as its customers. With this as its inspiration, Tylenol used the media to promptly begin alerting people of the potential dangers of the product.
James Burke, CEO developed a strategy team of seven key members. Prioritizing goals to protect consumers first, save the product next and company reputation would follow. They realized that they needed to be socially responsible, alerting the nation through the media and work closely with the Chicago Police, FBI and the FDA. Strategy plans were to prevent more deaths, additionally this kind of tampering in the future. First they needed to remove all Tylenol products from Chicago shelves and immediate surrounding areas as quickly as possible. And although there was a slim chance that there was more contamination in other areas of the country, they didnt want to take the chance. Therefore, they recalled all Tylenol products from every shelf across the U.S. (Atkinson, 2) (Broom, Center, Cutlip, 381). Working with the FDA they dispatched scientists to determine the source of the tampering. http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Spring01/Hogue/tylenol.html. They also used 1800 ??" hotlines to disseminate information about the situation.
The next set of goals was to re-release a new product that would restore consumer confidence. This was a critical step and only if this happened would the public view the product as safe.
Step 4; Management Theory ??" LANCE)
When Johnson and Johnson were faced with the Tylenol poising scandal they needed to find a way to protect the public and uphold their name. Negative media would only hurt their companys reputation; Johnson and Johnson adopted the Contingency Management Theory. The Contingency theory is a behavioral theory that claims there is no best way to organize a cooperation, to lead a company, or make decisions (12 Manage, . 1, 2010). It also states, When managers make a decision, they must take into account all aspects of the current situation and act on those aspects that are key to the situation at hand (McNamara, . 2, 2010). Johnson and Johnson decided on a two-phase plan, which consisted of customer safety first before profits and themselves (Kaplan, 1998). This was a strategy to win back public trust. Johnson and Johnson protected the public by ordering a massive nation-wide recall of Tylenol and stopped production of Tylenol capsules. This recall accounted for about 31 million bottles or about 100 million dollars in lost revenue (Effective Crisis Management, n.d.). They also were proactive about warning the nation about their product by using the media. They worked with Chicago police, Federal Bureau of Investigation, and Food and Drug Administration to help catch the culprit who tampered with their product (Kaplan, 1998) {wasnt this already stated? lets decide if it goes here or there?).
Primary Essentials
Assistant Director, Robert Andrews, who is in charge of public relations receives and reacts to the first days of the crisis. Robert Andrews accepts a phone call from a Chicago new reporter. A medical examiner had given a press conference because people were dying from poisoned Tylenol. The news reporter wanted the comments and position taken by Johnson and Johnson, specifically surrounding their plan to remedy this crisis. Robert Andrews was hearing this information for the first time and did not know the particulars to the sudden death of customers by taking the Tylenol product. {so what did he say publically? Was it a press conference?}
Portion # 5 Diagnosis and Barriers (Lance)
Two off duty firemen originally discovered the Tylenol poisonings while at home listening to their police radios (Kaplan, 1998). The Tylenol capsules were found to have 10,000 times the appropriate dose of cyanide for killing a person (Kaplan, 1998). During this time there were no tamper resistant precautions on over the counter medications. All bottles of Tylenol were from four different lots of production, two different Tylenol manufactures, and the poisonings only happened in the Chicago area. (Kaplan, 1998). McNeil Consumer Products confirmed that tampering did not take place at their plants. A spokesperson for McNeil confirmed their level of strict quality control. Authorities concluded that any tampering must have occurred once the Tylenol had reached Illinois (Beck, 33). Process was as follows: Bottles reached department stores and were placed on the shelves. Suspect took bottles off of the shelf, placed Cyanide in the bottles and then they were placed back on the shelves at five different stores in Chicago (Mitchell, 1989). Quickly they discovered that the capsules came from four different plants and lots. They were then taken from different pharmacies and believed to be distributed within one week, to one month. The problem remained that there could still be more contaminated Tylenol on shelves or in consumers medicine cabinets, there was simply no way to clarify this exposure.
The barriers that Johnson and Johnson faced were extensive. They had to figure out how to protect the public while upholding their reputation of Tylenol as a safe effective pain reliever. Time (to reach the public?) was the main barrier in protecting the public. This would prevent more people from ingesting the tampered Tylenol and also put a stop to the copycat criminals (what would?). The second large barrier was to uphold Tylenols reputation. In 1982 Tylenol controlled the largest market share for over the counter pain medication (Effective Crisis Management, n.d.), although, it was clear that both the media and their competitors did not believe they could hold on to this market position for long. Advertising geniuses told the NY Times "There may be an advertising person who thinks he can solve this and if they find him, I want to hire him, because then I want him to turn our water cooler into a wine cooler" (Knight, 2). Never the less, Johnson and Johnson moved forward and did not want to be viewed as disregarding public safety like other companies in similar crisis mode Perrier (Broom, Center Cutlip, 59). They realized that they would focus on regaining market share AFTER patient safety issues were addressed ??" and only if they were successful here would they be able to improve public relations and restore consumer confidence in their products.
Portion #6 Diagnosis and Solutions (Lance)
The solutions of the two major problems that Johnson and Johnson faced were massive. With 31 million bottles sold, Johnson and Johnson had to spread the word quickly on the nation- wide recall. They had Chicago police on loud speakers driving through neighborhoods warning citizens of the poisonings and the connection with Tylenol (Kaplan, 1998) . Media was contacted to help distribute the information about the tampered Tylenol recall. They worked with Chicago police, Federal Bureau of Investigation, and Food and Drug Administration to offer information and to be in direct involvement with catching the crimial (Kaplan, 1998). Johnson and Johnson offered a $100,000 reward for the capture of the killer (Kaplan, 1998).
STOP HERE Johnson and Johnson offered to exchange all Tylenol capsules for Tylenol tabs that were already purchased (Kaplan, 1998). This would have the public still using their brand as the pain reliever of choice. Johnson and Johnson improved the safety of their product by introducing the first triple seal tamper proof packaging (Kaplan, 1998). This was a major help in restoring the publics confidence that Johnson and Johnson was trying to fix this unfortunate problem. They also decreased the price by 25% and offered another $2.50 coupon for those who purchased Tylenol. Johnson and Johnson also sent 2250 representatives to talk with the medical community to regain their trust and support (Kaplan, 1998). This helped regain the trust of the medical community. The medical community would help by prescribing the drug to their patients which would help restore public confidence about Tylenol.
Other alternatives, which Johnson and Johnson could have leveraged publically through the media, could have been to have the President of the company provide a sincere apology. Also explain the facts about the incident and what the company was presently doing to fix the problem. This could have helped the public to regain the trust in Johnson and Johnson.
They offered a $100,000 reward for the capture of the killer (Kaplan, 1998). Finally they offered to exchange for all Tylenol capsules for Tylenol tabs that were already purchased (Kaplan, 1998). They introduced the first triple seal tamper proof packaging that was up to the Food and Drug new regulations (Kaplan, 1998). Along with this they discontinued the capsule (bead) form and developed a solid tablet tab. Reduced the price for Tylenol and provided coupons for $2.50 off any bottle of Tylenol (Kaplan, 1998). Finally 2250 people were sent from Johnson and Johnson to talk with the medical community to regain their trust and support (Kaplan, 1998). Their main goal was now was to restore the publics trust and confidence in their product - although they realized that this could only be accomplished if the public viewed the product as safe.

Step 7: Action plans to overcome barriers

A. Over the past decade, consumer groups, health care providers and others have shown an increasing interest in supplying consumers with more and better information about medicines. The hope is that consumers, armed with greater knowledge about the medicines taken will empower consumers to make educated decisions about their health care.
B. This action plans seeks to improve the quality and availability of information that will be provided to consumers. The rationale for the plan is providing consumers with useful information during a crisis which shall reduce the risk of panic, distrust, and reduce injury, and improve health outcomes. Action plan tools are:
Dealing with negative media
Open Communications
Public Safety
Establish a hot line
Establish a new triple safety seal capsule
Implement a tamper resistant product including packaging
Terrorism
Rectification Program to consumers
Encourage activities to increase consumer understanding and awareness
Promote consistency with federal regulations
Establish criteria for the development and distribution of product
Establish an emergency plan to recall tampered and contaminated product
Develop a mechanism for the workplace and employees
C. The Tylenol case is an example of a company that overcame many negative barriers. Developed crisis communications during a public out cry. Johnson and Johnson responded to the Tylenol poisonings by disseminating risk information which included enough detail for the consumer to understand. Outlined the hazards and pre-cautions. Public information allowed consumers to distinguish between warnings about improper use. Warned about life-threatening symptoms, and explained specific directions, and cautions to seek medical attention immediately. Information is important to inform, and warn consumers to protect them from harm.
D. Johnson and Johnson designed a remediation and rectification program that would win forgiveness from the public. The forgiveness and sympathy program offered compensation to help the victims of the crisis, and their families. Counseling and financial assistance programs were available. The programs lessened the negative publicity, and targeted advertising to gain the trust of consumers to use the Tylenol product again. This was a positive action.
E. Johnson and Johnson developed a program which confronted and addressed the issue of terrorism. The strategies and approaches that are implemented involved:
Re-structured the production process.
Re-designed the packaging of the product by initiating the first every new tamper resistant packaging.
Training and education programs on hostage taking, sabotage, and workplace violence.
Organizational policies that mandate the prevention, and recurrence of tampering in the future.
Implemented new random inspections procedures prior to product shipment to retailers.
Re-defined the mission statement
Re-defined the goals statement
Restructured and added a new department called Public Affairs.
A. The Public Affairs department established a positive relationship with the new media.
F. Johnson and Johnson realized that the costs to assume the responsibility of corporate obligation would be expensive in the beginning but, in the end it would win back the trust of the consumer. Johnson and Johnson knew that lawsuits for loss of life, and negative press coverage would damage the reputation of the company. This will cause long term effects. Johnson and Johnson developed a nation wide education process to give necessary tools to consumers. The first education process is to raise the awareness of consumers about the importance of the new tamper resistant packaging. Information about signs of a broken seal, opened package, and opened containers. The second education process involved the 1-800 hot lines for consumers to call. The third education process established a 1-800 line for news organizations to receive pre-taped messages with updated statements about the crisis with accurate and correct information on national television.

Step 8: Consider probable consequences to the action plan
Johnson and Johnson did not presume a crisis would hit the organization. This is shown in how the situation was handled the first 24 hours. Johnson and Johnson was in denial, and did not phantom that people died from taking the Tylenol product. The organization realized the need for an emergency action plan prior to a crisis. Johnson and Johnson established standards the incorporated responsibility to the consumers, stakeholders, and families. Johnson and Johnson adopted the attribution theory. This theory states that people make judgments based upon control, internal, and external.
As a result of the Tylenol crisis, Johnson and Johnson realized that public and private initiatives and advances must be made. Useful information to consumers. Written information shall be specific. Efforts to increase the cultural competency of oral and written communications shall reach underserved populations.
Johnson and Johnson are committed to experiencing open communications will all the news media, consumers, and health care providers. Johnson and Johnson shall work with all media outlets to help maintain the organizations reputation, trust, and make good on the mission and goal statement. Johnson and Johnson will honor all offers for free replacements of caplets in the new triple resistant package. A monitoring system shall be developed in quality control for a period of safety surveillance, drug distributions, and inventory management, lot number labeling for safety assurance. Johnson and Johnson implemented guidelines on the bar-coding system for drugs to prevent mix ups, and secure product traceability.
Johnson and Johnson have incorporated a plan for dug distributions, and corrections of inappropriate trade practices such as pending settlements, global pricing, which could undermine the trust.
Drugs supplied by the Johnson and Johnson company have a major impact on the life, and health of consumers globally. To maintain corporate responsibility Johnson and Johnson have a high level of ethics, reliability, and transparency. Johnson and Johnson have the responsibility for greater political and corporate behavior, an open business structure, compliance with the code of practices.
Johnson and Johnson realized this action plan is a working document, and must be updated regularly. This can be updated by role playing, exercises, and seminars. Johnson and Johnson realized that first impressions count, and almost impossible to change, the company needs to show that safety to the consumer is the number one goal and mission. Positive steps are taken to ensure the future of the corporation.
The only negative consequence that might affect Johnson and Johnson does not possess an action plan for the new drug industry visions. The new drug industry vision is to ensure the safe supply of drugs, impose duties on production and marketers. (Berge, 1998)
Johnson and Johnson pharmaceutical company is primarily responsible for supplying the medical frontline with the necessary information on drugs through package insert warnings.
Step 9: Action plan to other companies
Johnson and Johnson took positive action to stop competitors from expounding on the negative media by doing the right thing. Johnson and Johnson care about employees, shareholders, customer safety, and the quality of the Tylenol product. Johnson and Johnson have a vision or producing products with indications, and effects beyond those required for conventional non-prescription drugs, and respond to public trends. Johnson and Johnson are developing a plan that will concentrate on efforts to maintain the trust of the public. Johnson and Johnson is the leading company in public-focused policies that promote global competitiveness of the industry.
Step 10; Consider the external factors - TEREK

Step 11; Assess the implications for the two directions of corporate integrity - TEREK

The training and changes outlined above should have a positive impact within the company for the overall synergy of the employees while at the same time improving reputation and value for internal and external stakeholders alike. It is highly probable that the employees that are guilty of discrimination in this case may find it difficult to change the way they interact with their fellow employees. Even though this will be a difficult transition period for them the end result should prove to be a better work environment for everyone concerned. If these changes do not take place the company will certainly be involved in additional lawsuits which have already proven to be much more costly than implementing these changes across the company. XXalso has to consider its reputation in this day and age when corporate image is a very real and tangible asset. Consumers and stockholders alike have become very fickle about which companies they back or buy from based on public opinion of how a company fits in to our overall society today.

Step 12; Interpret the original case elements in light of the larger horizons of the era - TEREK

Language here is simply an example of how this section is presented ??" what is written here has nothing to do with our case study.

The elements of this case are somewhat surprising considering that it happened in the not too distant past. American society has condemned ethnic and sexual discrimination for decades even though there are still pockets of resistance to these shifts in thinking throughout the country. With as much cultural diversity as there is at a global company like XXit seems almost impossible that this kind of treatment was prevalent at the corporate level for so long. In this case it is assumed that the company must act within the guidelines set by the society in which it resides. The outcome could be very different if we moved the company headquarters to a Middle Eastern country where traditions and ethical standards are very different than they are in the United States. If this company was in a country where women are considered inferior to men and people with different religious ideas would be ostracized our action plans would not even be considered. In fact there probably would not even be any cause for concern at all. The practices that brought about the lawsuits would have been considered both acceptable and expected.

Conclusion (LANCE) AND I WILL HELP HERE TOO (VIC)

I am adding this in because we can pull these concepts into our conclusion (Vic)
The features that made Johnson & Johnson's handling of the crisis a success included the following:
They acted quickly, with complete openness about what had happened, and immediately sought to remove any source of danger based on the worst case scenario - not waiting for evidence to see whether the contamination might be more widespread
Having acted quickly, they then sought to ensure that measures were taken which would prevent as far as possible a recurrence of the problem
They showed themselves to be prepared to bear the short term cost in the name of consumer safety. That more than anything else established a basis for trust with their customers.
http://www.mallenbaker.net/csr/crisis02.html (keep reference here for now ??" vics note)

References (not in order or edited yet ??" still needs to be done and double checked with content)
12 manage. (2010). Contingency Theory. Retrieved February 22, 2010, from http://www.12manage.com/methods_contingency_theory.html
Effective Crisis Management. (n.d.). The Tylenol Crisis, 1982. Retrieved February 22, 2010, from http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Fall02/Susi/tylenol.htm

Kaplan, T. (1998). The Tylenol Crisis: How Effective Public Relations Saved Johnson & Johnson. Retrieved February 22, 2010, from http://www.aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/TylenolMurders/crisis.html
Kaplan, T. (1998). The Tylenol Crisis: How Effective Public Relations Saved Johnson & Johnson. Retrieved February 22, 2010, from http://www.aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/TylenolMurders/crisis.html

McNamara, C. (2010). Brief Overview of Contemporary Theories in Management. Retrieved February 22, 2010, from http://managementhelp.org/mgmnt/cntmpory.htm

Berge, D (1990) Department of Defense Crisis Communication Strategies
Retrieved from http://americanfraud.com February 25, 2010
Broom,G (1982) The Tylenol Scare, Newsweek October 11 Retrieved from
www.ou.edu/deptcomm/dodjcc/groups/02C2/Johnson%20&%20Johnson.htm
February 25, 2010-02-25
Beck, Melinda, Mary Hagar, Ron LaBreque, Sylvester Monroe, Linda Prout. "The Tylenol Scare." Newsweek. October 11, 1982.

Tifft, Susan. "Poison Madness in the Midwest." Time. October 11, 1982.

Church, George J. "Copycats are on the Prowl." Time. November 8, 1982.

Knight, Jerry. "Tylenol's Maker Shows How to Respond to Crisis." The Washington Post. October 11, 1982.

Broom, Glen M., Allen H. Center, Scott M. Cutlip. Effective Public Relations, Seventh Edition. Prentice-Hall Inc. 1994.
Mitchell, Mark L., Economic Association International 1989: The impact of external parties on brand name capital: the 1982 Tylenol poisonings and subsequent cases.

(Our Credo Value, http://www.jnj.com/connect/about-jnj/jnj-credo/?flash=true) (J & J web site) Reference

References below here
may be good reference to look into in order to complete this paper ??" although they have not been cited in the paper thus far.

12. "Tylenol Murders." http://www.aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/TyelenolMurders/
Beck, Melinda and Agrest, Susan (February 24, 1986). Again, a Tylenol Killer. Newsweek. National Affaires, page 25. United States Edition.
Beck, Melinda and Foote, Donna (November 8, 1982). The Tylenol Letter. Newsweek. National Affaires, pag 32. United States Edition.
Beck, Melinda; Monroe, Sylvester; Buckley, Jerry (October 25, 1982). Tylenol: Many Leads, No Arrests. Newsweek. National Affaires, page 30. United States edition.
Beck, Melinda; Monroe, Sylvester; Prout, Linda; Hager, Mary; LaBreque, Ron (October 11, 1982). The Tylenol Scare. Newsweek. National Affaires, page 32. United States edition.
CBSnews.com (July 25, 2002). Bitter Pill: A Wife on Trial.
Viacom Internet Services, Inc.
Cooke, Jeremy R. (October 18, 2002). PSU Alumnus Recalls 1982 Tylenol Murders.Collegian .
Dietz, Park (February 14, 2000). Product Tampering: The Proliferation of Product Tampering.
Douglas, John and Olshaker, M. (1997). Journey into Darkness. Mass Market Paperback.
Fink, Steven (2002). Crisis Management: Planning for the Inevitable. Published by iUniverse, Inc. Lincoln, NE. U.S.A.
Hobbs, Dawn. Ask John Douglas, who wrote the book on how to profile killers.
Kaplan, Tamara (1998). The Tylenol Crisis: How Effective Public Relations Saved Johnson and Johnson
Kowalski, Wally. The Tylenol Murders.
Manning, Jason (2000). The Tylenol Murders.
Mikkelson, David P. and Barbara (January 15, 1999). Horrors: Tylenol Murders.
Newsweek (December 27, 1982). A Librarian Ends A Tylenol Manhunt. National Affaires, page 19. United States Edition.
Tifft, Susan (October 11, 1982). Poison Madness in the Midwest. Time.
Time Magazine (December 21, 1987). The Widow is the Suspect.

J & J received positive press for how they handled the crisis
o Was viewed as responsible and swift
Public relations must support new charter, responsible to the people that use the product

Here is the teachers example of a case study format we are supposed to follow:
Sample of W5 paper
Posted: Tue 02/09/2010 10:57 AM , by: Lorin Loverde ( [emailprotected] ) Previous | Next

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Loverde Case Analysis ??"
PHL 323
University of Phoenix ??" Lorin Loverde
May 18, 2009

Abstract

Diversity in the workplace should be commonplace in todays world. But, there are still companies that have outdated ideas when dealing with diversity in todays culture. In 1994 several lawsuits brought attention to the world that XXwas a company with misplaced ideas and ethical standards. Using the Loverde Case Model, this paper breaks down what the elements of this case are, some of the symptoms that caused the problems, goals of the company, management theory used, diagnosis and barriers the company faced, new solutions the company must take, action plans that must be used to overcome barriers, discuses the consequences to the action plan, compares the action plan in regard to the companys larger context, considers external factors, assess the implications for the two directions of corporate integrity, and interprets the original case elements in light of the larger horizons of the era. XXunfortunately failed to grow with society in regards to equality within the workplace.

Step 1; Elements of the Case ??"

There are several elements of this case, some of which are sub-elements. In other words, some elements are parts of a larger, more general element. These sub-elements must be listed as separate entities from the larger element because they have dual roles, one role as themselves and the other role as part of the larger element. The following is the list of elements in the case.

XXCorporation (now Chevron XXCorporation as of 2001)
XXs corporate image
XXs corporate culture (before, during, and after the legal case)
The Executives and the management team of XX
The specific executives who made the racist/sexist remarks
Minority employees of XX
All employees of XX
Minority Americans
The general American public
Stockholders and other stakeholders in and of XX(both American and international)
Consumers and the business community
XXs Human Resources Department
Racial and gender discrimination laws and American societal norms
XXs company policies (specifically their anti-discriminatory policies)
Racism/sexism in America
Racism/sexism in workplace environments (especially where it involves promotions from subordinate to management level positions or pay scales and raises)
XXs public and internal (to the company) response to the allegations and the court case
Corporate integrity
Diversity

Step 2; Symptoms of the Problem ??"

XXs problems caused many symptoms. The company and its employees mostly experienced these symptoms. The symptoms themselves were also problems. Thus, XXs problems resulted in even more problems that the following symptoms caused.

Racist and sexist management
Dictatorial management
Cultural and gender gaps
Lack of ethical conduct (on the part of the company, and the racist/sexist executives)
Loss of employee pride in company
Loss of employee morale in company
Loss of good employee relations and interactions between subordinates and management
Ignorance of diversity
Loss of the value that diversity gives to a company
Loss of opportunity for minorities (higher positions in company)
Loss of money for minorities (higher pay)
Loss of respect (for each other as co-workers and for management by subordinates)
Loss of control over employees (the executives were clearly out of control)
Loss of good corporate image
Loss of company revenue (from customer boycotts and stock price drops)
Loss of revenue from businesses buying from and selling to XX
Loss of prospective employees who could add value to the company
Loss of company and personal money (payment of fines and legal fees)

Step 3; Identification of Goals ??"

Initially, XXs goals were those of most every other company ??" the general, company-wide goal was to maximize profitability; the individual, personal goals of each employee were to make good money and to move up in the company. These goals were easily attainable had the executives maintained proper personal ethics and had the company kept up with its human resources responsibilities. Once XXs problems became public, their goals not only changed, but also increased. The existing goals now had challenges to them and new goals were added. Listed below are all of the goals, in general chronological order, from the initial goals through to the revised and additional goals. Keep revenue incoming and increasing
Keep competitive in the market
Cultivate and maintain a good corporate image
Hire, retain, and maintain productive employees
Subordinate respect of superiors
Control of employees
Maintain the good ol boy executive club
Corporate image damage containment and repair
Regain market share and trust from stakeholders
Eliminate racist and sexist management attitudes
Improve diversity awareness and appreciation
Revise and improve corporate policies
Revise and improve management styles
Control of executives
Executives earning respect
Executives respecting subordinates
Equal employee opportunity for promotions and good pay
Eliminate cultural and gender-gaps
Restore ethical conduct
Restore employee pride in company
Restore employee morale in company
Improve employee relations and interactions between subordinates and management

Step 4; Management Theory -

In the former Soviet Union, "Jewish people could not complain, could not voice their opinions," he said. "XXreminded me of the forer Soviet Union." (
In the mid 90s, prior to the discrimination lawsuit, XXmanagement was perceived by their employees as a militant dictatorship, running a vertical, top down management model with low ethical standards and a race discriminatory approach to hiring employees. Their leadership styles not only discriminated against race, but also gender, which lead to resentment among employees that were not in managerial positions. I've seen too many managers remain in their positions or even promoted despite a track record of bad business decisions (Vault.com, 2000)
Founded in xx the company was shortly thereafter renamed XX. Problems first began in xxxx when a lawsuit was brought against XX for contaminating water within the country of xx. That lawsuit was then followed in 1994 when management officials were secretly caught on tape making racially biased, discriminatory remarks. Finally in 1999 a gender-biased lawsuit was posed against XX and cost the company more than an additional 3 million dollars. Call it a curse, call it a bad publicity, call it bad management.
The anti-discriminatory wrongdoings were exposed as extending outside people of color. In xx chemists raised a lawsuit against their supervisors claiming anti-racism. Both scientists had been XXfor many years and been part of productive teams. When they were both fired on the same day in January, they raised claim to anti-racism. The claims were met with this response from XX spokesmen, We regard charges of widespread anti-Racismin the company as unsubstantiated."

Step 5; Diagnosis & Barriers -

The 1994 discrimination case that was eventually settled in 1999 resulted in a 175 million dollar payout. The lawsuit case was based on statements made in meetings behind closed doors amongst company officials, which were secretly caught on tape. With statements such as, "All the `jellybeans' are going to stay at the bottom of the bag," and in another statement "I'm still having trouble with x. Now we have y.
As discussed within this class, management plays a strong part in the ethical foundation of a company. With senior management portraying such poor ethical behavior it becomes understandable how such prejudicial behavior and statements led to these lawsuits and negative media.

Step 6; Diagnosis & Solutions -

XXmanagement failed to realize that the behavior that goes on behind closed doors in the boardroom would continue downward through the management chain. Failing to live up to proper ethical standards they drove a car on the wrong side of the road for too long and eventually were involved in a multi-car accident.
XXmust take a new approach. Managers should be trained in cultural diversity and a new zero tolerance policy towards discrimination must be established. The corporate culture of the company should be refreshed with ideas on how to unify the company. Finally a more diverse workforce must be created with the opportunity for people of different race, and religion and that all employees be allowed the equal opportunity to be promoted. In summation this plan should [seek] input from our employees, numerous organizations and individuals, and we looked at the best practices in industry.

Step 7; Action plans to overcome barriers -

a.XXis in dire need of a company wide diversity-training program. Starting with top-level management and filtering down to the lowest level employee. XXmust have a program that covers all employees equally. As the workforce becomes more diverse, XXmust have a program that encompasses a diversity of cultures, ideas, experiences, perspectives and people. b.There are several alternative types of programs from which to chose: 1.Mentoring programs that help employees grow and learn from other employees with increased focus on gender and race.2.Manager specific training that helps improve manager awareness of cultural differences and provides the skills necessary to deal with these cultural differences.3.Outreach programs that let employees meet and talk to outside agencies about problems within the company.4.Diversity training and education programs that help managers and employees alike learn the specific differences they should be aware of like race, color, gender, age, national origin, and sexual orientation.c. XXbeing a global company with branches all over the world would benefit more from a diversity-training program that reflects the overall values of the company and shows that they want a workforce that reflects the race, gender and ethnicity of the communities where the company operates.
d. XXneeds to design a diversity program that uses a variety of tools, strategies and approaches to help attract, retain, develop and support a diverse, world-class workforce. These tools are:
1. Training and education programs that teach diversity.
2. Organizational policies that mandate fairness and equality for all employees.
3. Mentoring programs.
4. Performance appraisal systems that is nondiscriminatory.
5. Career development programs.
6. New employee orientation program that is broken down into three major components.
a. Vision and values of the company pertaining to the company culture.
b. Team building that helps new employees start building strong working relationships focusing on diversity.
c. Buddy System that helps build work relationships and navigate the company diversity program with experienced peers.
7. Manager training programs that educate managers on how to better treat and communicate with employees from a diversity point
e. XXmust learn how employees diversity can shape their work habits, work style, interpersonal communications and interaction in the workplace. To manage diversity effectively, it is important that each supervisor and employee be aware of his or her own diversity and understands how different cultures influence each other within the company framework. The initial cost of this program will be prohibitive in the beginning, but is nothing compared to the lawsuits the company faces if these problems continue.

Step 8; Consider probable consequences to your action plan -

a. The only negative consequence of putting a diversity program into place at XXis the resulting changes themselves. Employees that have worked at XXin the years before now will have to accept change. The result may lead to distraction, and possible loss of key members of the workforce that cant adapt to the new ethical standards and cultural changes. Racist language and behavior on the part of employees and managers in the past was normal behavior at XX. Changing the culture within the company along with changing the employees views will be a challenge.
b. The positive consequences of a diversity program are having all employees know and understand that discrimination at any level is wrong. Having a system of checks and balances allows the company to move forward into the future. Diversity efforts can substantially increase the companys productivity and profits over the long run.
c. Another positive consequence will occur as the company culture changes. Companies that do business with XXwill see that change in other ways; including improvement in employee work habits and attitude. They are likely to see a more diverse group of employees working and an overall improvement in employee attitude toward their jobs. These internal signals will indicate that XXis moving forward within the company keeping pace with the world in general. XXmay witness in an increase in profits while direct competitors may see a profits decrease as companies that refused to do business with XXin the past because of concerns about company culture and ethical practices begin to feel more comfortable doing business with them as these changes take place.

Step 9; Compare your action plan to your larger contexts -
a. Respect for diversity should be one of XXs core mission values. This means that appreciating the uniqueness of individuals and their varied perspectives and fostering n inclusive environment where every person can fully participate. XXwants to be known as a diverse company so diversity must fit into the corporate mission.
b. For the diversity program to work it must start at the top of the company and work its way down. The culture at XXis outdated. Culture refers to a companies values, beliefs, and behaviors. As the diversity program is implemented into the company structure the culture will slowly start to change. As the culture starts to change the mission of the company will also start to change. When the diversity program starts to take effect the company will begin attracting the best workforce encompassing a diversity of cultures, ideas, experiences, perspectives and people.
c. The companys sustainable competitive advantage allows for the maintenance and improvement of the companies competitive position in the oil market. It is an advantage that enables the company to survive against its competition over a long period of time. The strength of the companys culture is one of the most fundamental competitive advantages. When a diversity program affects and changes the culture from within the company, employees will passionately pursue the companys cause and mission, which will put the company in a better position for success.

Step 10; Consider the external factors -
Some socially responsible investors include evaluations of companies workplace policies and practices in their investment decisions. Among the factors they consider are a companys progress on such issues as diversity and workplace culture. Consumers are taking a companys corporate social responsibility reputation like workplace issues into account when making purchasing decisions. Customers, potential employees, investors and the community are increasingly paying increased attention to diversity as part of a companys overall corporate social responsibility.

Step 11; Assess the implications for the two directions of corporate integrity -

The training and changes outlined above should have a positive impact within the company for the overall synergy of the employees while at the same time improving reputation and value for internal and external stakeholders alike. It is highly probable that the employees that are guilty of discrimination in this case may find it difficult to change the way they interact with their fellow employees. Even though this will be a difficult transition period for them the end result should prove to be a better work environment for everyone concerned. If these changes do not take place the company will certainly be involved in additional lawsuits which have already proven to be much more costly than implementing these changes across the company. XXalso has to consider its reputation in this day and age when corporate image is a very real and tangible asset. Consumers and stockholders alike have become very fickle about which companies they back or buy from based on public opinion of how a company fits in to our overall society today.

Step 12; Interpret the original case elements in light of the larger horizons of the era -

The elements of this case are somewhat surprising considering that it happened in the not too distant past. American society has condemned ethnic and sexual discrimination for decades even though there are still pockets of resistance to these shifts in thinking throughout the country. With as much cultural diversity as there is at a global company like XXit seems almost impossible that this kind of treatment was prevalent at the corporate level for so long. In this case it is assumed that the company must act within the guidelines set by the society in which it resides. The outcome could be very different if we moved the company headquarters to a Middle Eastern country where traditions and ethical standards are very different than they are in the United States. If this company was in a country where women are considered inferior to men and people with different religious ideas would be ostracized our action plans would not even be considered. In fact there probably would not even be any cause for concern at all. The practices that brought about the lawsuits would have been considered both acceptable and expected.

Summary
The lack of commitment by XXmanagement in areas of corporate cultural and ethical practices cost the company millions of dollars in lawsuit settlements. The company must implement effective change in a number of areas: management training, changes in company culture, hiring practices, and providing opportunity for employee growth and opportunity within the organization.
Team A believes that with these changes, XXwill become a more culturally diverse company, provide itself with new business opportunities with companies that may have balked at doing business with XXprior to these changes, and also increase employee morale and job satisfaction.

References

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Best wishes,

Lorin Loverde, Faculty

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University of Phoenix
[emailprotected]
[emailprotected]
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There are faxes for this order.

Gillette, a Division of Procter

Objectives:
Understanding the mediums/messages that companies use to brand themselves and sell products
Analyzing the strategies for these communications
Communication Analysis
For this research essay, You will be working with the new product for gillete fusion proglide. You will need to work with empirically verifiable figures (such as stock price, sales, or other indicators) You will need to look at reports for specific sales for this assignment.

In this research essay, you will create and format a memorandum with myself as an audience. The purpose of this memorandum is to
1) Briefly summarize your topic (1-2 paragraphs should be sufficient; feel free to use a link to an eternal news source or other document which covers the subject in more detail).
2) Introduce at least three "texts" initiated by the the company concerning this subject (examples would include advertisem*nts, press releases, and other such statements).
3) Analyze what messages these texts convey, and how they would be beneficial to the company. Please note that you are expected to distinguish between obvious messages (for example, "They're trying to sell this product.") and deeper analysis (for example, "Through a combination of appeals targetting young adults, this company hopes to sell this product to men 18-25.")
4) Compare your topic to at least one similar topic (such as a competitor or a similar occurrence, like shick shaving products).
Your analysis should be between four and six pages in length.
Please observe the following guidelines:
This argument is primarily analytic, not definitional. In other words, your goal is not merely to say what it is, but why.
You will largely be evaluated on your ability to distinguish between self-obvious ideas and underlying reasons. Merely stating the obvious is not sufficient for this analysis.
You should include at least three sources in support of your findings, documented in informal style.

Language Instinct How Are the

Task:
Read the book "Language Instinct" written by S.Pinker.
Choose 3 of the following for S.Pinker`s "Language Instinct". The length for each answer is 2 pages( double-spaced, typewritten)

1. All languages are "discrete combinatorial systems," which means they contain rules that combine basic symbols (as words) into an infinite number of different larger structures (such as sentences). Other such systems are rare, but they do exist. The genetic code of DNA-which serves as the basis for life on earth-is built in a similar way, allowing for the creation of a potential infinity of novel life forms.
Some other discrete combinatorial systems that humans possess are involved in aesthetic activities like music and dance. What is the relationship between the language instinct and these other aspects of the human mind? Is it likely that such systems emerged out of language, either through biological evolution or cultural development? Or could they have evolved independently? What sort of evidence would bear on this issue?
2. The structures of speech and sign are constrained by biological mechanisms; they are not cultural innovations. Because of this, the complaint that people nowadays don't use English properly is quite bizarre. It would be like saying that birdsong has been gradually corrupted over the last several hundred years. But writing is a different story. Although it is plainly based on existing languages such as English, it is a cultural invention. Not all societies have it, and children require careful instruction in order to learn it. What is the proper role of "language mavens" in determining rules and standards of writing? How can scientific research on sentence comprehension and composition tell us how to improve the teaching of writing skills?
3. We are entranced by the idea of animals learning language, and popular movies and television shows are are populated with singing chimps, talking dolphins, and even the occasional loquacious horse. Pinker argues that from the standpoint of biology, attempting to teach one species the communicative system of another makes little sense. Trying to teach a human baby to sing like a bird or chatter like a monkey isn't likely to succeed, and would not tell us very much if it did.
Why are we so fascinated by the idea of talking animals? What is at stake-scientifically or socially-in the debate over the capacities of apes and other animals? How are these attempts to teach human language to non humans different from the study of the communications systems that animals use spontaneously in the wild?
4. Debates over the nature of the human mind have always been intimately
related to our political, social, and religious views. Defenders of the claim
that the mind is infinitely malleable, free from biological constraints, view this
as an optimistic, liberal doctrine, while more biological perspectives -
especially those informed by evolutionary theory - are seen by many as
tainted by racism and sexism.
On the other hand, scholars such as the linguist Noam Chomsky have argued that the moral superiority of the empiricist view of the mind is far from clear. Historically, the notion that humans can be "shaped" in any manner that an authority chooses has been the premise behind many brutal and repressive activities. As Pinker puts it, a blank slate is a dictator's dream. Furthermore, a theory of the mind informed by evolutionary theory is actually inconsistent with the notion that there exist profound cognitive differences between human groups.
Should these ethical and political considerations be taken into account as we develop theories of the mind? How have they affected our way of thinking about these issues in the past? In particular, what motivations might have led people to the view that languages are cultural inventions that vary without limit or, alternatively, to believe that language is a species-specific biological instinct?

In my order I pointed that I will be sending sources to your e-mail address or fax. I want to inform you that I will not be able to send you the source. (I won`t send anything else). The author has to find the source in a library or somewhere else.

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