Why choose an ETF over a mutual fund?
ETFs have several advantages for investors considering this vehicle. The 4 most prominent advantages are trading flexibility, portfolio diversification and risk management, lower costs versus like mutual funds, and potential tax benefits.
Less paperwork equals lower costs. Most of the time. Transparency: ETF holdings are generally disclosed on a regular and frequent basis, so investors know what they are investing in and where their money is parked. Mutual funds, by contrast, are required to disclose their holdings only quarterly, with a 30-day lag.
For instance, some ETFs may come with fees, others might stray from the value of the underlying asset, ETFs are not always optimized for taxes, and of course — like any investment — ETFs also come with risk.
If you're paying fees for a fund with a high expense ratio or paying too much in taxes each year because of undesired capital gains distributions, switching to ETFs is likely the right choice. If your current investment is in an indexed mutual fund, you can usually find an ETF that accomplishes the same thing.
ETFs are generally considered more tax-efficient than mutual funds, owing to the fact that they typically have fewer capital gains distributions. However, they still have tax implications you must consider, both when creating your portfolio as well as when timing the sale of an ETF you hold.
ETFs and index mutual funds tend to be generally more tax efficient than actively managed funds. And, in general, ETFs tend to be more tax efficient than index mutual funds. You want niche exposure. Specific ETFs focused on particular industries or commodities can give you exposure to market niches.
Mutual funds tend to be actively managed, so they're trying to beat their benchmark, and may charge higher expenses than ETFs, including the possibility of sales commissions.
Leveraged ETF prices tend to decay over time, and triple leverage will tend to decay at a faster rate than 2x leverage. As a result, they can tend toward zero.
Liquidation of ETFs is strictly regulated; when an ETF closes, any remaining shareholders will receive a payout based on what they had invested in the ETF. Receiving an ETF payout can be a taxable event.
Unlike an ETF's or a mutual fund's net asset value (NAV)—which is only calculated at the end of each trading day—an ETF's market price can be expected to change throughout the day. (A mutual fund doesn't have a market price because it isn't repriced throughout the day.)
Is S&P 500 a mutual fund or ETF?
Index investing pioneer Vanguard's S&P 500 Index Fund was the first index mutual fund for individual investors.
The administrative costs of managing ETFs are commonly lower than those for mutual funds. ETFs keep their administrative and operational expenses down through market-based trading. Because ETFs are bought and sold on the open market, the sale of shares from one investor to another does not affect the fund.
At least once a year, funds must pass on any net gains they've realized. As a fund shareholder, you could be on the hook for taxes on gains even if you haven't sold any of your shares.
Key Takeaways
For most ETFs, selling after less than a year is taxed as a short-term capital gain. ETFs held for longer than a year are taxed as long-term gains. If you sell an ETF, and buy the same (or a substantially similar) ETF after less than 30 days, you may be subject to the wash sale rule.
As a result, ETFs may be the optimal vehicle for investors keen on managing their annual tax bills. Keep in mind, however, investors are also subject to capital gains tax if they earn a profit from trading their individual ETFs or mutual fund shares (i.e., selling for a higher price than they paid).
| ETF | Ticker | Assets Under Management (AUM) |
|---|---|---|
| Vanguard S&P 500 ETF | (NYSEMKT:VOO) | $435.2 billion |
| Invesco QQQ Trust | (NASDAQ:QQQ) | $259.6 billion |
| Vanguard Growth ETF | (NYSEMKT:VUG) | $118.8 billion |
| iShares Core S&P Small-Cap ETF | (NYSEMKT:IJR) | $79.8 billion |
ETFs have several advantages for investors considering this vehicle. The 4 most prominent advantages are trading flexibility, portfolio diversification and risk management, lower costs versus like mutual funds, and potential tax benefits.
Although similar to mutual funds, equity ETFs are generally more tax-efficient because they tend not to distribute a lot of capital gains.
One of the ways that investors make money from exchange traded funds (ETFs) is through dividends that are paid to the ETF issuer and then paid on to their investors in proportion to the number of shares each holds.
In general, ETFs can be more risky than mutual funds because they are traded on stock exchanges. Their value can fluctuate throughout the day in response to market conditions. This means that if the market takes a dip, the value of your ETF could drop quickly, and you could experience significant losses.
Who should invest in ETFs?
They can be especially valuable to beginning investors. That's because they won't require the time, effort, and experience needed to research individual stocks. The cost to own an ETF may be lower than the cost to buy a diversified selection of individual stocks, too.
How are ETFs and mutual funds different? How are they managed? While they can be actively or passively managed by fund managers, most ETFs are passive investments pegged to the performance of a particular index. Mutual funds come in both active and indexed varieties, but most are actively managed.
ETFs are most often linked to a benchmarking index, meaning that they are often not designed to outperform that index. Investors looking for this type of outperformance (which also, of course, carries added risks) should perhaps look to other opportunities.
ETFs. Investment funds are a strategic option during a recession because they have built-in diversification, minimizing volatility compared to individual stocks. However, the fees can get expensive for certain types of actively managed funds.
In order to withdraw from an exchange traded fund, you need to give your online broker or ETF platform an instruction to sell. ETFs offer guaranteed liquidity – you don't have to wait for a buyer or a seller.
